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971.
S. Kimura  T. Itoh 《Protoplasma》1996,190(3-4):151-163
Summary Subcellular compartments comprising the endomembrane system in filamentous fungi are poorly characterized with most showing significant morphological differences from eukaryotic cells. For example, many filamentous fungi lack stacked Golgi-body cisternae, but contain Golgi equivalents — single cisternae or tubules which appear to serve the same functions. To help identify fungal endomembrane compartments and interrelationships between them we used a pharmacological agent, brefeldin A, known to affect specific endomembrane organelles in other organisms, most prominently the Golgi apparatus. At 10 g/ml brefeldin A, radial hyphal growth of the rice blast pathogenMagnaporthe grisea on solid agar medium was reduced by 96% over an initial 48 h, but recovered and was reduced by only 20% over a subsequent 72 h exposure. Light microscopic examination of individual living hyphae showed that apical elongation generally halted within 1 min after exposure to brefeldin A. Acute effects of 14 g/ml brefeldin A were characterized ultrasiructurally in cells prepared by freeze substitution. These included the appearance of two types of cisternae with unusual morphology, associated with ca. 45 nm diameter vesicles, as well as the unexpected persistence and increase in complexity of the Golgi equivalents. Also observed were (1) reduced numbers of apicale vesicles and disruption of Spitzenkörper organization, (2) apical clusters of 30–35 nm diameter microvesicles and associated tubular arrays, (3) dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, (4) packets of membrane-bounded electron-opaque cell wall inclusions, and (5) altered morphology of some vacuolar compartments. The distribution of concanavalin A binding sites, previously mapped to particular endomembrane compartments, was documented to aid the interpretation of these results. We conclude that brefeldin A effects on cells ofM. grisea differ from those reported with plant and animal cells, perhaps reflecting underlying differences in the endomembrane systems among these eukaryotes.Abbreviations BFA brefeldin A - ConA concanavalin A - ER endoplasmic reticulum - PDA potato dextrose agar - RER rough endoplasmic reticulum  相似文献   
972.
Markers for selection of the rice Xa21 disease resistance gene   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
Six molecular markers were mapped to a 7.4-cM region of rice chromosome 11 containing the Xa21 gene, which confers resistance to the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae. Three markers, RG103, 248 and 818, co-segregated with Xa21 in a population of 1141 plants. Multiple copies of all marker loci were present within the region that was introgressed from Oryza longistaminata into O. sativa. The marker loci were cloned and primers were designed that defined sequence-tagged sites. Physical mapping of the three tightly linked central markers revealed that RG103, the marker that hybridizes to the Xa21 gene, resides on a separate DNA fragment from the other two markers.Disclaimer: Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.  相似文献   
973.
Abstract: In this study, we immunohistochemically examined the several constituents of senile plaques (SPs) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in aged cynomolgus monkeys. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) deposited in all mature plaques and CAA, and in half of the diffuse plaques. Alpha-1-antichymotripsin (αACT) deposited in half of the mature plaques and in one third of the CAA. Amyloid precursor protein (APP), ubiquitin (Ub), and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) accumulated in the swollen neurites of mature plaques. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was detected in the astrocytes and their processes surrounding the mature plaques. Tau was detected in neither the SPs nor CAA. Therefore, mature plaques involved extracellular Aβ, apoE, and αACT, and also astrocytes and swollen neurites. However, diffuse plaques involved only extracellular Aβ and apoE. Since these features, except for tau, were consistent with those in humans, this animal model will be useful for studying the pathogenesis of cerebral amyloid deposition.  相似文献   
974.
Summary The modern hadromerid coralline spongeSpirastrella (Acanthochaetetes) wellsi exhibits a unique secondary high-Mg calcite (>19 mol % MgCO3) basal skeleton. The basal skeleton is constructed of bundles of elongated crystals more or less tangentially orientated. The initial formation of these crystals is controlled by soluble highly acidic aspartic and glutamic-rich (40%) macromolecules. The skeletal mineralization occurs in four different loci: in the top of the calicles, at the tabulae, on collagenous anchor fibres, and within closed spaces between the tabulae. The clicle walls are formed on the uppermost top of the basal skeleton as a continuous process. Based on long term stainings with Ca2+-chelating fluorochroms (calcein, chlorotetracyclines) the growth rate of this sponge is extremely low with ca. 50–100μm/a. The skeletal formation takes places outside the sponge, within a narrow zone (300–500 nm) between the basopinacoderm and the mature basal skeleton. The sponge produces thread-like folded templates (‘spaghetti fibres’) of 0,5–2 μm size, the shape controlling insoluble organic matrix. These templates become mineralized in a first step as MgCO3, then are stretched. A soluble organic matrix is also secreted, and remains are included inside the mineralized skeleton. This organic matrix consists of in a complex mixture containing small very acidic proteins (5, 13, 31 KD; 40% Asp and Glu and therefore most probably Ca2+-binding) and high molecular weight glycoproteins among several other organic compounds. The mature crystals are high-Mg calcites. During calcification large cells with large reserve granules (LCG) are always present in a tight connection with the basopinacoderm. These cells form also the collagenous anchor fibres. Primary tabulae are formed by a non-collagenous organic sheet. Calcification happens only when LCG cells are enriched on the organic sheet. Randomly oriented high-Mg calcite crystals are growing on the collagenous anchor fibres. The same type of the mineralization is observed within the spaces of the tabulae. This particular case of mineralization is controlled by decaying sponge tissue (ammonification). The δ13C values are in equilibrium with the ambient sea water and vary between +3.2 and +2.8 ‰. The mode of mineralization of the basal skeleton can be described as biologically induced resp. matrix mediated.  相似文献   
975.
To determine possible sources of Ca2+ during excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscle, a vibrating Ca2+-selective electrode was used to measure Ca2+ flux during the process of contraction. The smooth muscle model was the longitudinal muscle of the body wall of a sea cucumberSclerodactyla briareus. Because acetylcholine caused slow contractions of the muscle that were inhibited by Ca2+ channel blockers diltiazem and verapamil in earlier mechanical studies, we chose a vibrating Ca2+-selective electrode as our method to test the hypothesis that acetylcholine may be stimulating Ca2+ influx across the sarcolemma, providing a Ca2+ source during excitation-contraction coupling. Acetylcholine treatment stimulated a net Ca2+ efflux that was both dose and time dependent. We then tested two L-type Ca2+ channel blockers, diltiazem and verapamil, and two non-specific Ca2+ blockers, cobalt (Co2+) and lanthanum (La3+) on acetylcholine-induced Ca2+ flux. All four Ca2+ blockers tested potently inhibited Ca2+ efflux induced by physiological doses of acetylcholine. We propose that the acetylcholine-induced Ca2+ efflux was the result of, first, Ca2+ influx through voltage-sensitive L-type Ca2+ channels, then the rapid extrusion of Ca2+ by an outwardly directed carrier such as the Na–Ca exchanger as suggested by Li+ substitution experiments. The vibrating Ca2+ electrode has provided new insights on the active and complex role the sarcolemma plays in Ca2+ homeostasis and regulating Ca2+ redistribution during excitation-contraction coupling.Abbreviations ACh acetylcholine - E-C coupling excitation-contraction coupling - LMBW longitudinal muscle of the body wall  相似文献   
976.
The anaerobic metabolism of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) was studied in a denitrifying bacterium. Cells grown with 2-hydroxybenzoate were simultaneously adapted to degrade benzoate. Extract of these cells formed benzoate or benzoyl-CoA when incubated under reducing conditions with salicylate, MgATP, and coenzyme A, suggesting a degradation of 2-hydroxybenzoate via benzoate or benzoyl-CoA. This suggestion was supported by enzyme activity measurements. In extracts of 2-hydroxybenzoate-grown cells, the following enzyme activities were detected: two CoA ligases, one specific for 2-hydroxybenzoate, the other for benzoate, and two different enzyme activities catalyzing the reductive transformation of 2-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA. These findings suggest a degradation of salicylic acid by two new enzymes, 2-hydroxybenzoate-CoA ligase (AMP-forming) and 2-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase (dehydroxylating), catalyzing (1) 2-hydroxybenzoate + MgATP + CoASH → 2-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + MgAMP + PPi (2) 2-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + 2[H] → benzoyl-CoA + H2O Benzoyl-CoA was dearomatized by reduction of the ring. This represents another case in which benzoyl-CoA is a central intermediate in anaerobic aromatic metabolism. Received: 1 February 1996 / Accepted: 24 February 1996  相似文献   
977.
Development of an L6 myoblast in vitro model of moniliformin toxicosis   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
L6 myoblasts were used as an in vitro model to investigate the role of moniliformin and its interaction with monensin in turkey knockdown syndrome and sudden death syndromes in poultry. Cell viability and microscopic and ultrastructural alterations noted in L6 myoblasts cultured in the presence of moniliformin (0.0–0.3 g/l) were compared to those observed in parallel cultures also containing one of the following compounds: selenium (0–0.004 ng/l), thiamine (0–0.3 g/l), or pyruvate (0–0.46 g/l). Marked dilation of the RER, membranous whorls, glycogen deposition, membrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions and necrosis were observed in myoblasts exposed to 0.03/2-0.30 g moniliformin/l medium. Supplementation of medium with thiamine and pyruvate, or selenium, provided significant protection to cells exposed to 0.0–0.3 g/l or 0.0–0.15 g moniliformin/l, respectively. Dose-dependent differences in protein and ATP production were not detected. Myoblasts grown in medium containing 0–0.15 g moniliformin/l and 7.5–50.0 M A23187, beauvericin or monensin had degrees of cytotoxicity similar to parallel cultures receiving only an ionophore. L6 myoblasts were a useful model of moniliformin toxicosis. The findings of this study suggest cytotoxicity due to moniliformin in L6 myoblasts may be due in part to oxidative damage and altered pyruvate metabolism, and that moniliformin does not predispose myoblasts to ionophore toxicosis. This study supports the results of in vivo investigations in poultry that moniliformin and monensin do not act synergistically to induce knockdown or monensin toxicosis.  相似文献   
978.
Although in vitro studies have shown that oxygen free radicals depress the sarcolemmal Ca2+-pump activity and thereby may cause the occurrence of intracellular Ca2+ overload for the genesis of contractile failure, the exact relationship between changes in sarcolemmal Ca2+-pump activity and cardiac function due to these radicals is not clear. In this study we examined the effects of oxygen radicals on sarcolemmal Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activities as well as contractile force development by employing isolated rat heart preparations. When hearts were perfused with medium containing xanthine plus xanthine oxidase, the sarcolemmal Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity and ATP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation were depressed within 1 min whereas the developed contractile force, rate of contraction and rate of relaxation were increased at 1 min and decreased over 3–20 min of perfusion. The resting tension started increasing at 2 min of perfusion with xanthine plus xanthine oxidase. Catalase showed protective effects against these alterations in heart function and sarcolemmal Ca2+-pump activities upon perfusion with xanthine plus xanthine oxidase whereas superoxide dismutase did not exert such effects. The combination of catalase and superoxide dismutase did not produce greater effects in comparison to catalase alone. These results are consistent with the view that the depression of heart sarcolemmal Ca2+ pump activities may result in myocardial dysfunction due to the formation of hydrogen peroxide and/or hydroxyl radicals upon perfusing the hearts with xanthine plus xanthine oxidase.  相似文献   
979.
采用原生质体裂解方法确定甲基丙二酰CoA变位酶(MCM)和消旋酶(MCR)均是胞浆内酶。各经过四步纯化得到电泳纯酶。纯化MCM酶的比活力为12.84u/mg,纯化倍数为528,酶活回收为60%,纯化的MCM酶服从典型的米氏底物饱和曲线,对琥珀酰CoA和辅酶B_(12)的K_m值分别为9.723#mol/L和0.1277#mol/L。经SephadexG-150测定MCM分子量约为134.000±2000,SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示两条分子量分别为67000和65000的蛋白带,说明该酶由两个大小不等亚基组成。吸收光谱测定每摩尔纯化全酶含两摩尔辅酶B_(12)。纯化MCR酶比活力为2.305u/mg,纯化倍数96,酶活回收46.7%。MCR酶由两个分子量均为17500的亚基组成。MCR酶活性能被二价金属离子Cu2+、Co2+、Mg2+、Mn2+和Fe2+所促进。两酶的酶学性质和其他生物来源的MCM、MCR酶明显相似。  相似文献   
980.
The impact of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2, 600/700 μmol mol-1) and temperature (+ 4°C) on phyllosphere fungi colonising flag leaves of mini crops of winter wheat cv. Mercia between anthesis and harvest was determined in a computer-controlled environment facility in 1993 and 1994. In both years the total fungal populations (cm2 leaf) were found to have increased due to exposure to either elevated CO2 and elevated CO2+ temperature treatments. This was mainly due to significant increases in populations of Cladosporium spp. (C. cladosporioides and C. herbarum) on the flag leaves during ripening. Other phyllosphere component species such as white and pink yeasts were not markedly affected by treatments. The range of fungal species found in such controlled environment chambers was narrower than that commonly found on flag leaves of field grown crops. Common and important colonisers of leaves and ripening ears such as Aureobasidium pullulans, Epicoccum nigrum and Fusarium spp. were seldom isolated.  相似文献   
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