蜡样芽孢杆菌B3-7在大田小麦根部的定殖动态及其对小麦纹枯病的防治效果

为了阐明蜡样芽孢杆菌B3-7在大田条件下的生态适应性以及对于小麦纹枯病的生防效果,通过利用绿色荧光蛋白编码基因gfp标记生防菌株B3-7,室内比较了GFP标记菌株和原始出发菌株在菌落形态、生长特性,生物薄膜产生以及在小麦根部定殖等方面的特性,结果发现GFP标记菌株和出发菌株在上述特性方面无明显差别。在此基础上,大田条件下测定了GFP标记菌株在小麦根部的定殖动态和对于小麦纹枯病的生防效果。结果发现,GFP标记菌株在小麦根部能够长期定殖,其存在量在小麦分蘖期最大,每克根重达到105CFU,拔节期后,该细菌数量一直维持在104CFU之上。同时发现,生防菌株能够有效降低小麦纹枯病的严重度和提高罹病小麦的产量。小麦分蘖期、孕穗期和灌浆期生防菌对于小麦纹枯病的防治效果分别达到60%、34%,34%,小麦成熟后产量提高13%—15%。结果表明,B3-7在大田条件下具有较好的生态适应性和防治小麦纹枯病的能力。     

一种基于配体肽的CRP荧光检测探针的研制

C反应蛋白（C-reaction protein,CRP）是反映机体炎症的有效标志物,早期检测是判断炎症相关疾病的关键,因此,研制CRP新型检测制剂具有重要意义。利用噬菌体表面展示技术对CRP特异性亲和配体进行了筛选,采用固相肽合成技术对目标配体进行了合成,并经生物标记、高效液相色谱法（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）分析及质谱（mass spectrometry,MS）鉴定,成功制得检测CRP的荧光探针。经3轮筛选、ELISA检测、重组噬菌体测序及序列比对后得到1个目标配体肽：S-P-H-N-R-S-N-L-V-Q-E-L;经肽合成及生物标记获得1种CRP荧光探针：FITC-(Acp)-S-P-H-N-R-SN-L-V-Q-E-L。研究结果为CRP的有效检测提供了一种新型制剂。     

Bladder tissue characterization using probe‐based Raman spectroscopy: Evaluation of tissue heterogeneity and influence on the model prediction

Existing approaches for early‐stage bladder tumor diagnosis largely depend on invasive and time‐consuming procedures, resulting in hospitalization, bleeding, bladder perforation, infection and other health risks for the patient. The reduction of current risk factors, while maintaining or even improving the diagnostic precision, is an underlying factor in clinical instrumentation research. For example, for clinic surveillance of patients with a history of noninvasive bladder tumors real‐time tumor diagnosis can enable immediate laser‐based removal of tumors using flexible cystoscopes in the outpatient clinic. Therefore, novel diagnostic modalities are required that can provide real‐time in vivo tumor diagnosis. Raman spectroscopy provides biochemical information of tissue samples ex vivo and in vivo and without the need for complicated sample preparation and staining procedures. For the past decade there has been a rise in applications to diagnose and characterize early cancer in different organs, such as in head and neck, colon and stomach, but also different pathologies, for example, inflammation and atherosclerotic plaques. Bladder pathology has also been studied but only with little attention to aspects that can influence the diagnosis, such as tissue heterogeneity, data preprocessing and model development. The present study presents a clinical investigative study on bladder biopsies to characterize the tumor grading ex vivo, using a compact fiber probe‐based imaging Raman system, as a crucial step towards in vivo Raman endoscopy. Furthermore, this study presents an evaluation of the tissue heterogeneity of highly fluorescent bladder tissues, and the multivariate statistical analysis for discrimination between nontumor tissue, and low‐ and high‐grade tumor.     

Evaluation of populations of fluorescent pseudomonads related to decline of take-all patch on turfgrass

Take-all on turfgrass caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae (Gga) occurs as patches of yellowish plants. On some patches the central zone was recolonized by the same grass species, Festuca sp., previously damaged by the fungus despite the centrifugal extension of the disease. This disease remission was assimilated to decline. Rhizosphere bacterial counts showed that total population of bacteria was nearly the same in all zones across the patches. However, the ratio of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp./ total bacteria was 1/22, 1/15.4, 1/3.5 and 1/2.9 in the disease free area, the front margin of the patch, in the damaged part of the patch, and in the recolonized central part respectively. Furthermore, in this last mentioned zone, 44 to 82% of the fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were antagonistic in vitro to Gga, whereas only 12 to 34% from the disease free area were antagonistic. So the development of take-all on turf induced quantitative and qualitative changes in populations of fluorescent pseudomonads. The remission of the disease in the center was correlated to higher amount of antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads in this part of the patches. This typical patch with the well defined zones can provide a good model for the study of changes in bacterial populations related to the build up of take-all decline.     

Penetration of soil aggregates of finite size

Summary Maximum penetrometer pressure was measured on artificial soil aggregates of finite size (2–29 mm) using blunt probes (total cone angle 60°) driven at 3 mm min⁻¹. Maximum penetrometer pressure increased asymptotically with increase in dimensionless aggregate radius,b/a, wherea andb are the probe and aggregate radii, respectively. A theory was developed for penetration of blunt probes into soil aggregates of finite size. The theory assumed that plastic failure occurs out to a radius,R, and that beyond this only elastic straining occurs. This theory can be applied to estimate the radial and tangential stresses adjacent to a blunt probe. The estimated radial and tangential stresses increased with increase in dimensionless aggregate radius,b/a. The radius of the plastic front,R, around the probe is predicted to increase with increased aggregate size. The results also demonstrate the effect of soil shear cohesion and internal friction angle onR. The results are discussed with reference to root penetration.     

基于Taqman-MGB探针的亚稀褶红菇实时荧光定量PCR检测方法

本研究建立了一种基于Taqman-MGB探针的亚稀褶红菇Russula subnigricans实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。根据亚稀褶红菇与其近似种的内转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacers,ITS）序列差异,设计合成1对引物和1条特异性Taqman-MGB探针,并用常见有毒红菇种类进行验证。结果显示,引物特异性良好,仅亚稀褶红菇出现荧光信号,完成整个检测过程只需2h。该法能够为毒蘑菇中毒的快速检测提供技术支持。     

Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy and Kelvin Probe Measurements on Metal Halide Perovskites: Advantages and Pitfalls

In this essay, a case study is presented on the electronic structure of several metal halide perovskites (MHP) using Kelvin probe (KP)‐based surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) to demonstrate the advantages, but also the pitfalls, of using these techniques to characterize the surfaces of these materials. The first part addresses the loss of halide species from perovskite surfaces upon supragap illumination in vacuum. This has the potential to cause both a long‐term alteration of the sample work function and a modification of the KP tip during SPV measurements. If undetected, this leads to a misinterpretation of the MHP surface potential. The second part illustrates the difficulties in determining the valence band maximum (VBM) of MHP surfaces with UPS and stresses the importance of taking into account the low density of states at the VBM edge. Given this circumstance, specific care must be taken to eliminate measurement artifacts in order to ascertain the presence or absence of low densities of electronic gap states above the VBM. This essay also highlights issues such as film degradation, nonequilibrium situations (e.g., SPV), and satellite emissions, which occur during photoemission spectroscopy.     

Satellite DNA landscapes after allotetraploidization of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) reveal unique A and B subgenomes

If two related plant species hybridize, their genomes may be combined and duplicated within a single nucleus, thereby forming an allotetraploid. How the emerging plant balances two co‐evolved genomes is still a matter of ongoing research. Here, we focus on satellite DNA (satDNA), the fastest turn‐over sequence class in eukaryotes, aiming to trace its emergence, amplification, and loss during plant speciation and allopolyploidization. As a model, we used Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (quinoa), an allopolyploid crop with 2n = 4x = 36 chromosomes. Quinoa originated by hybridization of an unknown female American Chenopodium diploid (AA genome) with an unknown male Old World diploid species (BB genome), dating back 3.3–6.3 million years. Applying short read clustering to quinoa (AABB), C. pallidicaule (AA), and C. suecicum (BB) whole genome shotgun sequences, we classified their repetitive fractions, and identified and characterized seven satDNA families, together with the 5S rDNA model repeat. We show unequal satDNA amplification (two families) and exclusive occurrence (four families) in the AA and BB diploids by read mapping as well as Southern, genomic, and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Whereas the satDNA distributions support C. suecicum as possible parental species, we were able to exclude C. pallidicaule as progenitor due to unique repeat profiles. Using quinoa long reads and scaffolds, we detected only limited evidence of intergenomic homogenization of satDNA after allopolyploidization, but were able to exclude dispersal of 5S rRNA genes between subgenomes. Our results exemplify the complex route of tandem repeat evolution through Chenopodium speciation and allopolyploidization, and may provide sequence targets for the identification of quinoa's progenitors.