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121.
Cell suspension cultures of Linum album were developed from internode portions of in vitro germinated plant in Gamborg's B5 medium supplemented with 0.4 mg naphthalene acetic acid/l. The highest biomass was 8.5 g/l with podophyllotoxin and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin at 29 and 1.9 mg/l, respectively after 12 d cultivation. Co-cultures of L. album cells with axenically cultivable arbuscular mycorrhiza-like fungi, Piriformospora indica and Sebacina vermifera, were established for the first time. These enhanced podophyllotoxin and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin production by about four- and eight-fold, respectively, along with a 20% increase in biomass compared to the control cultures. 相似文献
122.
123.
Armbruster WS Pérez-Barrales R Arroyo J Edwards ME Vargas P 《The New phytologist》2006,171(3):581-590
Here, we studied the floral morphology and pollination of the distylous plant Linum suffruticosum (Linaceae) in southern Spain.We observed a previously unreported form of distyly that involved twisting and bending of styles and stamens during floral development to achieve three-dimensional reciprocity of anthers and stigmas in the long-styled (pin) and short-styled (thrum) morphs. This developmental pattern causes pin pollen to be placed on the underside of pollinating Usia flies (Bombyliidae), and thrum pollen to be placed on the top of the thorax and abdomen. The pin stigmas contact the flies on the dorsum, apparently picking up predominantly thrum pollen, and the thrum stigmas contact the flies on the ventral surface, apparently picking up predominantly pin pollen.This form of heterostyly would appear on morphological grounds to be far more efficient in dispersing pollen between compatible morphs than the typical pin-thrum system. If so, this plant fits Darwin's prediction of efficient pollen flow between heterostylous morphs more closely than anything Darwin himself reported.Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that this form of heterostyly evolved in a lineage that already had typical heterostyly. The analyses also indicate that there have been several independent origins of heterostyly in Linum and at least one reversal to stylar monomorphism. 相似文献
124.
Non-lignified fibre cells (named gelatinous fibres) are present in tension wood and the stems of fibre crops (such as flax
and hemp). These cells develop a very thick S2 layer within the secondary cell wall, which is characterised by (1) cellulose
microfibrils largely parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cell, and (2) a high proportion of galactose-containing polymers
among the non-cellulosic polysaccharides. In this review, we focus on the role of these polymers in the assembly of gelatinous
fibres of flax. At the different stages of fibre development, we analyse in detail data based on sugar composition, linkages
of pectic polymers, and immunolocalisation of the β-(1→4)-galactans. These data indicate that high molecular-mass gelatinous
galactans accumulate in specialised Golgi-derived vesicles during fibre cell-wall thickening. They consist of RG-I-like polymers
with side chains of β-(1→4)-linked galactose. Most of them are short, but there are also long chains containing up to 28 galactosyl
residues. At fibre maturity, two types of cross-linked galactans are identified, a C–L structure that resembles the part of
soluble galactan with long side chains and a C–S structure with short chains. Different possibilities for soluble galactan
to give rise to C–L and C–S are analysed. In addition, we discuss the prospect for the soluble galactan in preventing the
newly formed cellulose chains from completing immediate crystallisation. This leads to a hypothesis that firstly the secretion
of soluble galactans plays a role in the axial orientation of cellulose microfibrils, and secondly the remodelling and cross-linking
of pectic galactans are linked to the dehydration and the assembly of S2 layer. 相似文献
125.
7-Chloroindoleacetic acid and dichloroindoleacetic acids with a Cl in the 7 position showed anti-auxinic activity and promoted root growth in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Diamant II). In contrast, 4-, 5- and 6-chloroindoleatetic acids acted as strong auxins inhibiting the growth of wheat roots. Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L. cv. Concurrent) and cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Favör) roots showed similar, but less clear-cut responses. 7-Chloroindoleacetic acid and 4,7-dichloroindoleacetic acid alleviated root growth inhibition in wheat caused by IAA, monochloroindoleacetic acids and benzyladenine. 2,4-D, 4- and 6-chloroindoleacetic acids strongly induced ethylene formation in cucumber seedlings; 4,7- and 6,7-dichloroindoleacetic acids did not, except at high concentrations. The more lipid-soluble dichloroindoleacetic acids were stronger inhibitors of ATP formation in cucumber mitochondria than monochloroindoleacetic acids, while IAA itself had only a very slight effect. 相似文献
126.
Klubicová K Berčák M Danchenko M Skultety L Rashydov NM Berezhna VV Miernyk JA Hajduch M 《Phytochemistry》2011,72(10):1308-1384
In recent years there has been an increasing tendency toward remediation of contaminated areas for agriculture purposes. The study described herein is part of a comprehensive, long-term characterization of crop plants grown in the area formerly contaminated with radioactivity. As a first step, we have established a quantitative map of proteins isolated from mature flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds harvested from plants grown in a remediated plot localized directly in Chernobyl town. Flax was selected because it is a crop of economic and historical importance, despite the relative paucity of molecular resources. We used 2-dimensional electrophoresis followed by tandem mass spectrometry to establish a high-resolution seed proteome map. This approach yielded quantitative information for 318 protein spots. Genomic sequence resources for flax are very limited, leaving us with an “unknown function” annotation for 38% of the proteins analyzed including several that comprise very large spots. In addition to the seed storage proteins, we were able to reliably identify 82 proteins many of which are involved with central metabolism. 相似文献
127.
Frank M. You Jin Xiao Pingchuan Li Zhen Yao Gaofeng Jia Liqiang He Tingting Zhu Ming‐Cheng Luo Xiue Wang Michael K. Deyholos Sylvie Cloutier 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2018,95(2):371-384
Genomes of varying sizes have been sequenced with next‐generation sequencing platforms. However, most reference sequences include draft unordered scaffolds containing chimeras caused by mis‐scaffolding. A BioNano genome (BNG) optical map was constructed to improve the previously sequenced flax genome (Linum usitatissimum L., 2n = 30, about 373 Mb), which consisted of 3852 scaffolds larger than 1 kb and totalling 300.6 Mb. The high‐resolution BNG map of cv. CDC Bethune totalled 317 Mb and consisted of 251 BNG contigs with an N50 of 2.15 Mb. A total of 622 scaffolds (286.6 Mb, 94.9%) aligned to 211 BNG contigs (298.6 Mb, 94.2%). Of those, 99 scaffolds, diagnosed to contain assembly errors, were refined into 225 new scaffolds. Using the newly refined scaffold sequences and the validated bacterial artificial chromosome‐based physical map of CDC Bethune, the 211 BNG contigs were scaffolded into 94 super‐BNG contigs (N50 of 6.64 Mb) that were further assigned to the 15 flax chromosomes using the genetic map. The pseudomolecules total about 316 Mb, with individual chromosomes of 15.6 to 29.4 Mb, and cover 97% of the annotated genes. Evidence from the chromosome‐scale pseudomolecules suggests that flax has undergone palaeopolyploidization and mesopolyploidization events, followed by rearrangements and deletions or fusion of chromosome arms from an ancient progenitor with a haploid chromosome number of eight. 相似文献
128.
J J J WILTSHIRE M ANDERSEN J G ATHERTON C J WRIGHT 《The Annals of applied biology》2001,139(1):129-136
Changes to growth and development in a winter linseed crop were observed adjacent to pink canes used as markers in 1997. Notably, canopy height was increased in plants positioned up to 40 cm from the pink canes. In 1998 these effects were confirmed and further characterised in a replicated experiment: extension growth occurred approximately one week earlier and canopy height was increased by 14.5 cm in plants adjacent to pink canes. The number of seed capsules was 953 m?2 in control plots and 2567 m?2 in plots with pink canes. Seed yield, calculated from a 0.25 m2 quadrat, was 12.4 g m2 in control plots and 56.1 g m?2 in plots with pink canes. The R:FR (red:far red) ratio of light reflected from canes was approximately 1.7 compared with approximate R:FR ratios of 1.4 in incident daylight and 0.2 in light reflected from a linseed canopy (assessed using a spectral analysis system). Possible mechanisms to explain the changes in crop performance are discussed. 相似文献
129.
S. Dickson 《The New phytologist》2004,163(1):187-200
130.
Arylnaphthalene and aryltetralin‐type lignans in hairy root cultures of Linum perenne,and the stereochemistry of 6‐methoxypodophyllotoxin and one diastereoisomer by HPLC‐MS and NMR spectroscopy 下载免费PDF全文