全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3168篇 |
免费 | 155篇 |
国内免费 | 183篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 42篇 |
2022年 | 32篇 |
2021年 | 52篇 |
2020年 | 53篇 |
2019年 | 65篇 |
2018年 | 63篇 |
2017年 | 61篇 |
2016年 | 69篇 |
2015年 | 58篇 |
2014年 | 110篇 |
2013年 | 214篇 |
2012年 | 76篇 |
2011年 | 126篇 |
2010年 | 89篇 |
2009年 | 145篇 |
2008年 | 168篇 |
2007年 | 147篇 |
2006年 | 130篇 |
2005年 | 101篇 |
2004年 | 129篇 |
2003年 | 112篇 |
2002年 | 88篇 |
2001年 | 76篇 |
2000年 | 72篇 |
1999年 | 73篇 |
1998年 | 84篇 |
1997年 | 82篇 |
1996年 | 64篇 |
1995年 | 32篇 |
1994年 | 61篇 |
1993年 | 60篇 |
1992年 | 55篇 |
1991年 | 36篇 |
1990年 | 57篇 |
1989年 | 57篇 |
1988年 | 45篇 |
1987年 | 44篇 |
1986年 | 50篇 |
1985年 | 44篇 |
1984年 | 48篇 |
1983年 | 34篇 |
1982年 | 35篇 |
1981年 | 44篇 |
1980年 | 44篇 |
1979年 | 28篇 |
1978年 | 21篇 |
1977年 | 16篇 |
1976年 | 17篇 |
1973年 | 46篇 |
1972年 | 16篇 |
排序方式: 共有3506条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
881.
粘虫性信息素分泌腺的超微结构 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
对粘虫Mythimna separata雌蛾性信息素分泌腺的位置及结构进行了光学显微镜、扫描电镜。透射电镜的观察,结果表明:粘虫性信息素分泌腺位于腹部末端第8-9节节间膜腹面。求偶时,伸出节间膜,为一白色的囊泡。腺体表面分布着饱满的锥状体。羽化后5天未交尾雌蛾,腺体细胞呈单层排列,中央细胞为柱状,细胞核为椭圆形。细胞与细胞间有明显的胞连接,细胞基底膜基褶较高,质膜上,分布着微绒毛,并与内表皮连接,内表皮之上含有多层几丁质,外角质层染色较深。细胞质中含有空泡,线粒体、脂质粒、糖原及粗面内质网。了解粘虫性信息素分泌腺的位置形态结构,对了解性信息素合成和释放的时辰节律,改进性信息素的提取、分离、鉴定是有意义的。 相似文献
882.
Skov KA 《Mutation research》1999,430(2):126-253
The rationale for and importance of research on effects after radiation at "low doses" are outlined. Such basic radiobiological studies on induction of repair enzymes, protective mechanisms, priming, and hypersensitivity are certainly all relevant to treatment of cancer (see Section 1, Studies at low doses - relevance to cancer treatment). Included are examples from many groups, using various endpoints to address the possibility of an induced resistance, which has been compared to the adaptive response [M.C. Joiner, P. Lambin, E.P. Malaise, T. Robson, J.E. Arrand, K.A. Skov, B. Marples, Hypersensitivity to very low single radiation doses: its relationship to the adaptive response and induced radioresistance, Mutat. Res. 358 (1996) 171-183.]. This is not intended to be an exhaustive review--rather a re-introduction of concepts such as priming and a short survey of molecular approaches to understanding induced resistance. New data on the response of HT29 cells after treatment (priming) with co-cultured activated neutrophils are included, with protection against X-rays (S1). Analysis of previously published results in various cells lines in terms of increased radioresistance (IRR)/intrinsic sensitivity are presented which complement a study on human tumour lines [P. Lambin, E.P. Malaise, M.C. Joiner, Might intrinsic radioresistance of human tumour cells be induced by radiation?, Int. Radiat. Biol. 69 (1996) 279-290].It is not feasible to extrapolate to low doses from studies at high doses. The biological responses probably vary with dose, LET, and have variable time frames. The above approaches may lead to new types of treatment, or additional means to assess radioresponsiveness of tumours. Studies in many areas of biology would benefit from considerations of different dose regions, as the biological responses vary with dose. There may also be some implications in the fields of radiation protection and carcinogenesis, and the extensions of concepts of hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS)/IRR extended to radiation exposure are considered in Section 2, Possible relevance of IRR concepts to radiation exposure (space). More knowledge on inducible responses could open new approaches for protection and means to assess genetic predisposition. Many endpoints are used currently--clonogenic survival, mutagenesis, chromosome aberrations and more direct--proteins/genes/functions/repair/signals, as well as different biological systems. Because of scant knowledge of the relevant aspects at low doses, such as inducible/protective mechanisms, threshold, priming, dose-rate effects, LET within one system, it is still too early to draw conclusions in the area of radiation exposure. Technological advances may permit much needed studies at low doses in the areas of both treatment and protection. 相似文献
883.
The circadian oscillator in Xenopus retinal photoreceptor layers can be reset in similar ways by light and agonists of D2-like dopamine receptors. Treatments that increase cyclic AMP levels act on this oscillator in an opposite fashion, mimicking darkness in the induction of phase shifts. Light and dopamine have each been reported to inhibit adenylate cyclase in photoreceptors. Together, these data suggest that the transduction pathways for entrainment by dopamine and/or light include suppression of cyclic AMP or a cyclic AMP-sensitive step. In these studies, we examined this hypothesis by measuring the effects of treatment with a cyclic AMP analogue on the phase shifts induced in photoreceptor melatonin rhythms by light or a D2 receptor agonist (quinpirole). When photoreceptor layers were treated simultaneously with 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)cyclic AMP (8-CPT-cAMP) and quinpirole at any of three different phases of the circadian cycle, the resulting phase shifts of the melatonin rhythm were always the same as those caused by 8-CPT-cAMP alone. This indicates that there is a cyclic AMP-sensitive step in the dopamine entrainment pathway. In contrast, light pulses did reset the oscillator in the presence of elevated cyclic AMP. This suggests a separate cyclic AMP-insensitive transduction pathway for entrainment by light. Quinpirole reduced basal levels of cyclic AMP in photoreceptors, but light did not. These data suggest that cyclic AMP plays a role in the entrainment pathway activated by dopamine but not in the entrainment pathway activated by light. 相似文献
884.
885.
886.
This article discusses the modeling of a categorical variable for which subjects can select any number of categories. For c categories, the response variable consists of a cross-classification of c binary components, one pertaining to each category. Using data from a survey (Loughin, T. M. and Scherer, P. N., 1998, Biometrics, 54, 630 637) in which Kansas farmers indicated their primary sources of veterinary information, we discuss simultaneous logit modeling of the binary components of the multivariate response. The use of maximum likelihood or quasi-likelihood fitting provides chi-squared tests with degrees of freedom df = c(r - 1) for testing the independence between each of the c response components and an explanatory variable with r categories. These tests are alternatives to the weighted chi-squared test and the bootstrap test proposed by Loughin and Scherer for this hypothesis. 相似文献
887.
Arvinte T Bui TT Dahab AA Demeule B Drake AF Elhag D King P 《Analytical biochemistry》2004,332(1):46-57
Circular dichroism (CD) is an important spectroscopic technique for monitoring chirality and biological macromolecule conformation. However, during a CD measurement, absorbance, light scattering/turbidity, and fluorescence can also be detected. The simultaneous measurement of these different spectral features for a single sample is the basis of a multi-mode optical spectrometer. This allows time-efficient gathering of complementary information and provides a scheme to ensure that CD measurements are reliable. Aspects of circular polarization differential light scattering, pH, and temperature variation of a protein (antibody) solution are described. A procedure to help ensure that CD measurements are reliable is described. 相似文献
888.
Reis S Moutinho CG Matos C de Castro B Gameiro P Lima JL 《Analytical biochemistry》2004,334(1):117-126
In this work the critical micelle concentrations (cmc) of four bile salts, sodium cholate, sodium glycocholate, sodium deoxycholate, and sodium glycodeoxycholate, are determined and presented. Three independent noninvasive methodologies (potentiometry, derivative spectrophotometry, and light scattering) were used for cmc determination, at 25 degrees C with ionic strength adjusted to 0.10 M with NaCl. Spectrophotometric and potentiometric studies of some bile salts were also executed at various ionic strength values, thus allowing the influence of the ionic strength on the cmc value of the bile salt to be assessed. A critical comparison of the cmc values obtained with data collected from the literature is presented. Furthermore, this work makes an evaluation of the conceptual bases of different methodologies commonly used for cmc determination, since variations in the results obtained can be related mainly to different intrinsic features of the methods used (such as sensitivity or the need to include tracers or probes) or to the operational cmc definition applied. The undoubted definition of the experimental bile salt concentration that corresponds to cmc (operational cmc) is essential since in the case of these amphiphiles the formation of micelles is not as abrupt as in the case of ordinary association colloids. The biphasic nature of their aggregation leads to a "round-shaped" variation of the experimental parameters under analysis, which makes difficult the evaluation of the cmc values and can be responsible for the different results obtained. 相似文献
889.
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved a multitude of developmental responses to cope with the ever-changing environmental conditions that challenge the plant throughout its life cycle. Of the many environmental cues that regulate plant development, light is probably the most important. From determining the developmental pattern of the emerging seedling, to influencing the organization of organelles to best maximize energy available for photosynthesis, light has dramatic effects on development during all stages of plant life. In plants, three classes of photoreceptors that mediate light perception have been characterized at the molecular level. The phytochromes recognize light in the red portion of the spectrum, while cryptochromes and phototropins perceive blue and UVA light. In this review, we discuss the different aspects of development that are regulated by these photoreceptors in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana and how the phytochromes, cryptochromes, and phototropins bring about changes in development seen in the growing plant. 相似文献
890.
Onchocerciasis is a major filarial disease and is the second most common cause of infectious blindness in the world. Disease development after infection with Onchocerca volvulus varies widely and is determined by the host's immune response to the parasite. Vector control and administration of ivermectin has reduced infection and disease rates significantly. However, limitations of these programmes, including ivermectin's selective activity on microfilariae, the need for 10-15 years of annual treatments, logistical obstacles and the potential emergence of drug-resistant strains demand alternative strategies. A vaccine that targets O. volvulus infective third-stage larvae (L3) could provide an additional tool to guarantee successful elimination of infection with O. volvulus. An essential step in the development of immunoprophylactic procedures and reagents is the identification of host immune responses toward antigens of O. volvulus L3 and L3 developing to the fourth-stage larvae that are associated with protection against these stages of the parasite. This review summarises the recent advancements in understanding the immune mechanisms in particular the CD4(+) responses to L3 stages in humans and in the mouse vaccination model. Comparison between the two uncovered common immunological elements in naturally exposed humans and mice vaccinated with radiation attenuated L3 or recombinant O. volvulus antigens, as well as significant differences. These studies promisingly suggest that the O. volvulus mouse model is a very useful adjunct to the studying of natural infection in humans and could provide us with the tools to identify the target molecules and the effector immune correlates of protection in humans responsible for attrition of L3 stages. Since some of these antigens may exist in other nematodes, any insight gained into the mechanisms of vaccine-induced anti-O. volvulus L3 protective immunity in both humans and mice could be applicable to the development of vaccines against other nematode infections. 相似文献