杉楠混交与人工杉木林自养机制的恢复

自养机制的形成是人工林可持续经营的目标之一。本研究通过混交模拟杉木人工林不同恢复阶段林分,观察比较发现从退化的杉木林阶段到地带性树种比例较低的混交林、地带性树种比例较高的混交林和地带性树种纯林阶段凋落量、Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ和Ｍｇ５种元素的归还量逐渐增加,特别是５种养分元素的循环速率也不断增大,其中Ｎ、Ｍｇ的循环速率由杉木纯林的０．１左右增大到火力楠纯林的０．５以上,与此同时林分土壤有机质含量和养分含     

Effects of Pre-Treatments with Abscisic Acid and/or Benzyladenine on Gas Exchange of French Bean, Sugar Beet, and Maize Leaves During Water Stress and After Rehydration

Net photosynthetic rate (P_N), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (g_s) during water stress and after rehydration were measured in Phaseolus vulgaris, Beta vulgaris, and Zea mays. Immediately before imposition of water stress by cessation of watering, plants were irrigated with water (control), 100 M abscisic acid (ABA), and/or 10 M N⁶-benzyladenine (BA). In all three species, application of ABA decreased g_s, E, and P_N already 1 h after application. However, during water stress g_s, E, and P_N in plants pre-treated with ABA remained higher than in plants pre-treated with water. Positive effects of ABA application were observed also after rehydration. In contrast, the effects of pre-treatment with BA were species-specific. While in bean plants BA application ameliorated negative effect of water stress, only very slight effects were observed in maize, and in sugar beet BA even aggravated the effects of water stress.     

豚草叶片和果实气体交换特性与11种土壤重金属相关性

对10个样地中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Cr、Co、Ni、Cd、As、Sb和Hg11种土壤重金属含量及样地内豚草叶片和果实气体交换特性进行测定.结果表明,样地内豚草叶片的净光合速率在1·88~9·41μmol·m-2·s-1,而果实的净光合速率最高可达2·81μmol·m-2·s-1.叶片的呼吸速率、气孔导度、光合速率和水分利用效率的平均值分别为1·81μmol·m-2·s-1、75·7mmol·m-2·s-1、6·05μmol·m-2·s-1和4·72μmol·mmol-1,分别是果实的5·26、0·64、1·31和1·69倍,说明非同化器官幼嫩果实具有与叶片相当,甚至更强的呼吸、光合能力和水分利用效率;研究地点重金属Ni达到轻微污染水平,其它重金属含量都接近或者显著低于重金属污染的阈值.相关分析和多元回归分析显示,大部分土壤重金属(如Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Sb和Hg)含量的高低对豚草气体交换特性没有显著影响,仅部分重金属含量与豚草的叶片、果实气体交换特性密切相关,如Ni和Cr对豚草叶片、果实的气孔导度及水分利用效率显著相关;Cr与豚草叶片饱和光合速率显著相关;而As与豚草果实的气孔导度显著相关.表明大部分土壤重金属对叶片和球果的气体交换没有直接影响,而Ni、Cr和As可以在轻微污染甚至没有达到污染水平时影响豚草的气体交换特性.     

Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Two Hybrids of Sorghum under Different Nitrogen and Water Regimes

In two hybrids of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench.), C51 and C42, high nitrogen concentration (HN) increased net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E) of well watered (HW) plants. Water stressing (LW plants) resulted in low PN, gs, and E in both hybrids, but the values were still higher in HN plants as compared to low nitrogen-grown (LN) plants. Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) increased in droughted plants. This increase was much higher in LN plants as compared to HN plants. Instantaneous water use efficiency was lower in LN plants as a consequence of a greater effect of water stress on photosynthesis. Leaf water potential was reduced by water stress in all treatments. Analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence at room temperature showed that photosystem 2 (PS2) was rather tolerant to the water stress imposed. Water stress caused a slight decrease in the efficiency of excitation capture by open PS2 reaction centres (Fv/Fm). The in vivo quantum yield of PS2 photochemistry (PS2) and the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) were slightly reduced, while the nonphotochemical quenching coefficient (qN) was increased under the water stress. However, in hybrid C42 these characters were little or not affected by the water stress.     

高碘酸钠和戊二醛交联法构建的R-藻红蛋白-C-藻蓝蛋白交联物能量传递效率的比较研究

从单细胞蓝藻钝顶螺旋藻中纯化C-藻蓝蛋白,从海洋红藻多管藻纯化R-藻红蛋白.分别用高碘酸钠氧化法和戊二醛法将二者共价连接为R-藻红蛋白-C-藻蓝蛋白交联物,再用Sephadex G-200柱层析纯化.光谱分析表明,用两种方法构建的共价交联物都可以将激发能从R-藻红蛋白传递到C-藻蓝蛋白.二者相比,高碘酸钠氧化法构建的共价交联物的能量传递效率更高.     

Carbon sequestration in arid-land forest

Rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations may lead to increased water availability because the water use efficiency of photosynthesis (WUE) increases with CO₂ in most plant species. This should allow the extension of afforestation activities into drier regions. Using eddy flux, physiological and inventory measurements we provide the first quantitative information on such potential from a 35‐year old afforestation system of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) at the edge of the Negev desert. This 2800 ha arid‐land forest contains 6.5 ± 1.2 kg C m^?2, and continues to accumulate 0.13–0.24 kg C m^?2 yr^?1. The CO₂ uptake is highest during the winter, out of phase with most northern hemispheric forest activity. This seasonal offset offers low latitude forests ～10 ppm higher CO₂ concentrations than that available to higher latitude forests during the productive season, in addition to the 30% increase in mean atmospheric CO₂ concentrations since the 1850s. Expanding afforestation efforts into drier regions may be significant for C sequestration and associated benefits (restoration of degraded land, reducing runoff, erosion and soil compaction, improving wildlife) because of the large spatial scale of the regions potentially involved (ca. 2 × 10⁹ ha of global shrub‐land and C4 grassland). Quantitative information on forest activities under dry conditions may also become relevant to regions predicted to undergo increasing aridity.     

An Australian Multi‐Regional Waste Supply‐Use Framework

The production of waste creates both direct and indirect environmental impacts. A range of strategies are available to reduce the generation of waste by industry and households, and to select waste treatment approaches that minimize environmental harm. However, evaluating these strategies requires reliable and detailed data on waste production and treatment. Unfortunately, published Australian waste data are typically highly aggregated, published by a variety of entities in different formats, and do not form a complete time‐series. We demonstrate a technique for constructing a multi‐regional waste supply‐use (MRWSU) framework for Australia using information from numerous waste data sources. This is the first MRWSU framework to be constructed (to the authors' knowledge) and the first sub‐national waste input‐output framework to be constructed for Australia. We construct the framework using the Industrial Ecology Virtual Laboratory (IELab), a cloud‐hosted computational platform for building Australian multi‐regional input‐output tables. The structure of the framework complies with the System of Environmental‐Economic Accounting (SEEA). We demonstrate the use of the MRWSU framework by calculating waste footprints that enumerate the full supply chain waste production for Australian consumers.     

辽西半干旱地区深松中耕对作物产量的影响及其作用机理研究

对辽宁西部半干旱地区深松中耕对作物产量影响及作用机理的研究表明,深松打破了犁底层,减小了土壤容重及穿透阻力,增加了表层及亚表层土壤的孔隙度．深松土壤水分人渗可达８０ｃｍ,大豆根系深度增加３．６～４．０ｃｍ,大豆产量和水分利用效率分别增加２７．７～３４．５％和１６．１％,在干旱年份玉米增产７．９％．     

测墒补灌对小麦光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响

以高产冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,研究了测墒补灌对小麦光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响.结果表明:W2(拔节期补灌至相对含水量75％,开花期70％)和DW2(拔节后10 d补灌至相对含水量75％,开花期70％)灌浆后期旗叶光合速率和实际光化学效率分别高于W3(拔节期补灌至相对含水量80％,开花期70％)和DW3(拔节后10 d补灌至相对含水量80％,开花期70％)处理;W2和DW2开花期和成熟期干物质积累量、开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量和籽粒干物质分配量高于W1(拔节期补灌至相对含水量65％,开花期70％)和DW1(拔节后10d补灌至相对含水量65％,开花期70％)处理,水分利用效率和灌溉水生产效率显著高于W3和DW3处理.相同补灌水平下,DW2和DW3灌浆后期旗叶光合速率和实际光化学效率分别高于W2和W3处理,开花期干物质积累量及其向籽粒的转运量低于W2和W3处理,开花后干物质积累量、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水生产效率高于W2和W3处理.DW2是本试验条件下的高产高水分利用效率灌溉方案.     

地表处理方式对日光温室辣椒水分利用效率及土壤硝态氮、速效磷分布的影响

研究了不同地表处理方式对日光温室辣椒水分利用效率及土壤氮磷分布的影响.结果表明:地表覆盖秸秆 地膜处理的辣椒产量水分利用效率和经济水分利用效率最高,分别达33·04kg·m-3和50·22元·m-3;其次是地表覆盖地膜处理,分别达18·81kg·m-3和28·57元·m-3.不同地表处理方式对0～20cm土壤的硝态氮含量有显著影响,地表覆盖秸秆和覆盖秸秆 地膜处理,分别为31·98mg·kg-1和31·96mg·kg-1,小于对照处理(50·33mg·kg-1);地表覆盖地膜和使用保水剂处理的硝态氮含量较低.与对照相比,各处理辣椒对氮肥的利用均有所增加,耕层硝态氮积累减少.在0～20cm耕层内,地表覆盖地膜处理的速效磷含量最低,为0·72mg·kg-1,其次是地表覆盖秸秆 地膜处理,为0·92mg·kg-1.地表覆盖秸秆 地膜和地表覆盖地膜处理增加了当季作物对肥料的利用率,减少了肥料的损失,提高了产量.