中国红豆杉和短叶红豆极的胚胎培养

红豆杉属 (ＴａｘｕｓＬ .)植物的种子休眠期较长 ,在自然条件下要 1～ 2年才能萌发。本实验对中国红豆杉〔Ｔａｘｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ (Ｐｉｌｇｅｒ)Ｒｅｈｄ .〕和短叶红豆杉 (Ｔ .ｂｒｅｖｉｆｏｌｉａＮｕｔｔ.)的离体胚培养特性进行了研究 ,发现适宜的条件下两种胚的萌发与成苗情况没有明显差异 ,利用胚的体外培养技术可以使其在几个月内发芽、成苗 ,为大规模种植提供一条快捷途径。1　材料与方法1 1　试验材料中国红豆杉和短叶红豆杉种子分别采自中国湖北利川和加拿大。所用培养基为ＭｃＣｏｗｎ ,每升添加 1ｇ水解酪蛋白、1ｇ酵…     

Belowground Primary Production by Carbon Isotope Decay and Long-term Root Biomass Dynamics

The isotope decay method of estimating belowground net primary production (BNPP) has the potential to overcome the assumptions and biases associated with traditional methods. Isotope loss through in situ decomposition after pulse-labeling is considered the inverse of production, and turnover times are estimated by regression to time of zero remaining isotope. Method development and estimates of production were previously published using 4 years of data, which showed a clear linear loss rate over time. A slow, distinctly different phase in isotope loss developed 5–10 years postlabeling. We assess reasons for the two-phase loss functions and the implications for estimates of BNPP and compare the isotope decay method with standard coring methods over a 13-year period. Reasons for the two-phase dynamics of carbon 14 (¹⁴C) loss could include various biological and/or methodological factors. Results suggest that ¹⁴C in soil embedded in roots as they grow, a small proportion of roots that live for a much longer time than the majority of roots, and method of separating roots from soil organic matter may influence estimates of BNPP by isotope methods. Remobilization of label in structural tissue or reuptake of label from the soil did not appear to be responsible for the slow, second phase of loss dynamics. Isotope decay produced more reliable estimates than standard coring methods. Estimates using harvest sum of increments were zero in 6 of 13 years. Thirteen years of root biomass data showed no predictable trend over winter or consistent seasonal pattern, although longer-term cycles were evident. Aboveground:belowground ratios were generally smaller during dry periods, but root biomass was not as responsive as aboveground biomass to annual precipitation. Received 31 May 2000; accepted 3 November 2000.     

中华芦荟叶的解剖学、组织化学和植物化学研究

用解剖学,组织化学和植物化学方法研究了中华芦荟（Aloe vera L.var.chinensis(Haw.)Berg.)叶的结构,芦荟素的含量及其可能的储藏和合成场所,解剖学研究结果表明,中华芦荟叶的结构由表皮,同化薄壁组织,维管束和储水组织组成,其旱生结构特征比较明显,表皮具厚的角质层,外切向壁次生加厚,气孔下陷,中央储水组织发达,绿色组织没有明显的分化,其中,5个细胞环绕的气孔器和叶基出现的第二轮维管束在芦荟属中首次报道,具有种的特征,中华芦荟叶中所含的蒽醌类次生代谢物主要是芦荟素（barbaloin or aloin),其含量和叶位及同一叶的不同部位有关,植株上剖嫩叶及每一叶的上部含量高于下部老叶和叶的中部,叶基部含量最低,比较被测的解剖学指标和植物化学分析的结果发现,叶中维管束的密度和芦荟素的含量呈明显的正相关,用5％Pb(CH3COOH)2沉淀处理及5％NaOHR颜色反应检测芦荟素的储藏物合成部位,初步结果表明,位于韧皮部端的数个发达大型薄壁细胞是芦荟素的储藏场所,而绿色组织和维管束鞘是可能的合成场所。     

Molecular signals for late Tertiary/early Quaternary range splits of an Eurasian steppe plant: Clausia aprica (Brassicaceae)

Several vegetation belts stretch continuously from Europe to Asia, taiga and steppe being most prominent. Numerous plant species within these belts share a conspicuous distribution area, which is longitudinally contracted or disrupted approximately along longitude 70 degrees E. To date no hypothesis for this intriguing distribution pattern has been put forward. We detected molecular footprints in the contemporary genetic composition in nuclear DNA (ITS1, ITS2) and chloroplast DNA (trnL-trnF spacer region) of the steppe element Clausia aprica (Brassicaceae) providing evidence for a severe longitudinal range split and genetic differentiation east of the Ural Mountains about 1 million years ago caused by Quaternary climatic oscillations. Clausia aprica provides the first phylogeographical analysis on the intraspecific evolution of an Eurasian steppe plant.     

Analysis of volatile fractions of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. using GC-MS and chemometric resolution

The two-dimensional data obtained from GC-MS has been used qualitatively and quantitatively to determine the components of the volatile fractions of Schisandra chinensis obtained by six different extraction methods. Sub-window factor analysis (SFA) was employed to confirm the identities of components determined in different samples. With the help of SFA, and other chemometric techniques, peak purity in the chromatograms was determined, and overlapping peaks were resolved to yield a pure chromatographic profile and mass spectrum for each component. It is demonstrated that the accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analysis may be greatly enhanced using chemometric resolution methods, such methods being particularly valuable with respect to the analysis of complex samples such as traditional Chinese medicines. It is further demonstrated that different extraction methods give rise to volatile fractions of S. chinensis which differ qualitatively and quantitatively in their composition.     

荔枝胚蛋白质的提取方法

以不同体积的Tris-HCl(0.1mol／L,pH8．8)为提取液,结合不同含量(以胚鲜重计)的PVP40,对怀枝、黑叶和桂味等荔枝(Lithi chinensis)品种的胚蛋白质进行提取。结果表明,提取液体积为胚鲜重的5倍(ml g-1 FW),并加入15％的 PVP40时,提取蛋白质的效果最好,可用于荔枝胚可溶性蛋白质含量的测定;胚乳蛋白质的提取则以等体积的提取液(内含2％的PVP40)为佳。加入10% PVP40的胚蛋白提取液可直接进行SDS-PAGE电泳,用10倍于蛋白质提取液体积的乙醇沉淀胚和胚乳的蛋白提取液,可得到最佳的SDS-PAGE电泳效果。     

Development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum-Leymus racemosus</Emphasis> translocation lines using gametocidal chromosomes

Specific chromosomes of certain Aegilops species introduced into wheat genome background may often facilitate chromosome breakage and refusion, and finally result in a variety of chromosome restructuring. Such a phenomenon is commonly called gametocidal effect of the chromosomes. The chromosome 2C of Ae. cylindrica is one of such chromosomes. In the present study, scab resistant wheat-L. racemosus addition lines involving chromosomes Lr.2 and Lr.7 were crossed to wheat-Ae. cylindrica disomic addition line Add2C. Then F₁ hybrids were subsequently backcrossed with wheat cv “Chinese Spring”. BC₁ plants with chromosome structural aberration were identified by C-banding. In the self-pollinated progenies of these plants, three translocation lines were developed and characterized by mitotic and meiotic analysis combined with C-banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using biotin-labeled genomic DNA of L. racemosus as probe. Some other putative translocation lines to be further characterized were also found. The practicability and efficiency of the translocation between wheat and alien chromosomes induced by gametocidal chromosomes, as well as the potential use of the developed alien translocation lines were also discussed.     

Avian Community Structure Along a Mountain Big Sagebrush Successional Gradient

Abstract: We compared vegetative structure and bird communities among 4 successional states in central Oregon representing a continuum from 1) postburn grassland, 2) mountain big sagebrush—Idaho fescue (Artemisia tridentatA—Festuca idahoensis) shrub—steppe, 3) sagebrush—steppe—juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), to 4) old-growth western juniper. Species richness, evenness, and diversity of bird communities were highest in old-growth and mid-successional juniper (22.9 species/transect and 23.6 species/transect, respectively) but lowest in the grasslands (17.6 species/transect). Bird species diversity was positively correlated with physiognomic cover diversity (r = 0.74, P = 0.001). Density of breeding birds was greatest in old-growth juniper (6.6 birds/ha) and lowest in postburn grasslands (3.6 birds/ha) but similar in shrub—steppe and sagebrush—steppe—juniper (6.0 birds/ha and 5.5 birds/ha, respectively). Old-growth juniper had the highest total densities of both tree and cavity nesters. Mountain chickadees (Parus gambeli), Cassin's finches (Carpodacus cassinii), chipping sparrows (Spizella passerina), brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), mountain bluebirds (Sialia currucoides), dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis), Empidonax flycatchers, ash-throated flycatchers (Myiarchus cinerascens), and northern flickers (Colaptes auratus) were more abundant in cover types dominated by junipers. Vesper sparrows (Pooecetes gramineus), western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta), green-tailed towhees (Pipilo chlorurus), and horned larks (Eremophila alpestris) were associated with grassland communities. Brewer's sparrows (Spizella breweri), sage sparrows (Amphispiza belli), sage thrashers (Oreoscoptes montanus), and horned larks (Eremophila alpestris) were most abundant in sagebrush cover types. Management strategies should restore or maintain the desired proportions of the different successional states to maintain populations of grassland and sagebrush birds while providing habitat for tree and cavity nesting species.     

Caloric content of plant species and its role in a Leymus chinensis steppe community of Inner Mongolia, China

The caloric contents of 42 species and their composition in a Leymus chinensis steppe community of Inner Mongolia, China were determined and analyzed based on the field experiment for 11 years. The caloric content (x ± SD) of aboveground parts of plant species varied from (13156 ± 1141) J·g^?1 (ash contained) to (18141 ± 527) J·g^?1. The average caloric content of all species was (16899 ± 840) J·g^?1 and the inter-specific CV (coefficient of variation) was 4.9%. Of all the species, Caragana microphylla had the highest caloric content (18142 J·g^?1). Grasses had a higher average caloric content ((17425 ± 291) J·g^?1) than forbs ((16734 ± 844)J·g^?1). When the herbaceous species were classified into subgroups according to life-form and growth-form, the order of average caloric contents, from high to low, was: tall grasses ((17717 ± 92) J·g^?1) > legume ((17228 ± 433) J·g^?1) > short grasses ((17250 ± 218) J·g^?1) > remaining forbs ((16784 ± 529) J·g^?1) > subshrubs ((16719 ± 69) J·g^?1) > annuals and biennials ((15911 ± 1759) J·g^?1). There was a positive correlation (P < 0.05) between the caloric contents of 42 species and their relative biomass in the community. When all species were classified into 3 groups according to their composition in the community, the average caloric contents, weighed by the species relative biomass, followed the order: dominant (17740 J·g^?1) > companion (17244 J·g^?1) > incidental (16653 J·g^?1). The plants with high caloric contents were more competitive, which allowed them to gain a dominant status, whereas the competitive abilities of plants with low caloric contents were generally weak. The latter made up the companion or incidental species in a steppe community.     

Trends in extreme climatic indices across the temperate steppes of China from 1961 to 2013

Aims Extreme climate events have become more severe and frequent with global change in recent years. The Chinese temperate steppes are an important component of the Eurasian steppes and highly sensitive and vulnerable to climatic change. As a result, the occurrence of extreme climate events must have strong impacts on the temperate steppes. Therefore, understanding the spatio-temporal trends in extreme climate is important for us to assess the sensitivity and vulnerability of Chinese temperate steppes to climatic changes. This research had two specific objects to (i) specify the temporal changes in extreme climate events across the whole steppe and (ii) compare the trend differences for extreme climate events in different types of steppes—meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe.