Wood resources in north-west Portugal: their availability and use from the late Bronze Age to the Roman period

The analysis of archaeological charcoal is used to reconstruct the wood resources in north-west Portugal from the late Bronze Age to the Roman period. In this paper, the results obtained from 12 sites are considered, and their implications for interpreting historical human behaviour towards the natural environment and vegetation are discussed. The results indicate a similar kind of exploitation of the vegetation by different populations which used a similar range of wood resources. Fifty-one taxa are identified and three main natural biotopes are distinguished, including mixed oak forest, wasteland vegetation and riparian forest. The large number of taxa identified seems to testify to the existence of a good sampling of the woody vegetation growing in the proximity of the settlements. Both dry and fresh wood were used, and the value and possible uses are suggested for some of the most frequent taxa identified.     

First report on new evidence for the occurrence of Podocarpus and possible human presence at the mouth of the Amazon during the Late-glacial

Palynological studies on late Quaternary lake sediments from the region of the Amazon estuary, 100 km north-east of Belém, Pará State, Brazil, enable reconstruction of lowland Amazonian rain forest during the Late-glacial and Holocene periods. Late-glacial forests included populations of Podocarpus which suggests a distinct climatic cooling. Ilex was abundant in the early Holocene. Records of the mangrove taxon, Rhizophora, indicate rapid Atlantic sea-level rise in the beginning of the Holocene. High charcoal representation may reflect the first arrival of Amerindians in the Amazon coastal area, probably about 10 800 B.P.     

不同育秧方式和插植密度下晚籼稻群体动态结构的研究

不同育秧方式和插植密度下晚籼稻群体动态结构存在差异。旱育秧群体分蘖速度快,分蘖能力强。稀植可促进个体分蘖多发、有效穗数增多,但旱育稀植并无分蘖早发的优势。旱育稀植使主茎基部叶片变短而上部叶片变长,生育后期叶面积消长平稳,地上部干物质积累较多。旱育秧、稀植都使主茎叶总数增多,全生育期延长。     

Use of seedling progeny tests for genetical studies as part of a potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum) breeding programme

A diallel set of crosses, including selfs and some reciprocal crosses, was made between 15 parents chosen for their male fertility from those included in a tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum) breeding programme at the Scottish Crop Research Institute. Seedling progeny tests were used to evaluate the progenies for non-race-specific resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in both foliage and tubers, quantitative resistance to the white potato cystnematode (PCN) (Globodera pallida) and the commercial worth of their tubers as judged by breeders' visual preference. No reciprocal differences were found. Comparisons of the selfs and crosses revealed inbreeding depression for breeders' preference, which varied among the parents from negligible to severe, whilst there were also statistically significant differences for foliage and tuber blight, but not for PCN. When the selfs were omitted from the combining ability analyses, large differences in general combining ability (GCA) were found for all four traits, and smaller differences in specific combining ability for tuber blight and breeders' preference. The only statistically significant correlation between GCAs for different traits was a favourable one of r = 0.56 between foliage and tuber resistance to late blight. It was concluded that prospects were good for simultaneously improving all four traits by multitrait genotypic recurrent selection.     

Archaeobotanical investigations of late neolithic lakeshore settlements (Lake Biel, Switzerland)

This paper describes the results of the archaeobotanical examination of four Late Neolithic lakeshore settlements on Lake Biel in Switzerland. Due to the excellent preservation conditions in lakeshore settlements, non-carbonized as well as carbonized seeds and fruits were recovered in large numbers. In addition to the diaspore analyses, some samples of charcoal and moss were identified. The spectrum of cultivated plants was markedly different between the sites. In the transition from the 34th to 33rd century B.C. (sites Nidau, Lüscherz and Lattrigen ‘VI’) naked wheat and barley were predominant, while in the 32nd century B.C. (Lattrigen'VII') emmer (a glume wheat) was most abundant. Flax and opium poppy were of great importance during the whole late Neolithic period. In addition to cereals, a large number of cereal weeds were detected. The wild flora included a high percentage of aquatic and lake-shore plants which results from the strong influence of water on the cultural layers. Taxa of flood-plain forest are also common. The proportion of potential grassland plants was low (in total only 13 taxa) which suggests that in addition to the cultivated fields only few pastures and grassland areas existed close to the settlements.     

中国中生代晚期蛇蛉化石研究（蛇蛉目：巴依萨蛇蛉科,中蛇蛉科,异蛇蛉科）

本文根据最新采获的保存完好的蛇蛉化石,对中国古生代晚期蛇蛉化石巴依萨蛇蛉科,中蛇蛉科和异蛇蛉科的有关属种的构造特征,分类位置和异我进行新的补充和厘定,建立４个新属：野蛇蛉属Ｒｕｄｉｒａｐｈｉｄｉａ ｇｅｎ。ｎｏｖ,小蛇蛉属Ｍｉｏｒａｐｈｉｄｉａ ｇｅｎ。ｎｏｖ。普蛇蛉属Ｘｙｎｏｒａｐｈｉｄｉａ ｇｅｎ。ｎｏｖ。丽蛇蛉属Ｃａｌｏｒａｐｈｉｄｉａ ｇｅｎ,ｎｏｖ;７个新种;美脉巴依萨蛇蛉Ｂａｉｓｓｏｐ     

古背鳕(Palaeoniscinotus)在我国初次发现

记述了在宁夏六盘山盆地侏罗系中发现的古背鳕（Palaeoniscinotus）一新种─—宁夏古背鳕（P.ningxiaensis）。其一般形态特征如体形、鳍的位置和结构、悬挂骨的倾斜程度、鳃盖骨系统及鳞片等结构,与俄罗斯伊尔库茨克中侏罗世的切卡诺夫斯基氏古背鳕（P．czekanowskii）很相似,但新种的背鳍和臀鳍的鳍条均较少、鳞片条纹倾斜分布以及侧线鳞较少等特征显然有别于后者。最后讨论了这个属的系统位置和含鱼化石地层的时代,认为属中侏罗世的可能性较大。     

四川自贡大山铺成渝龟科—新属

描述了产自四川自贡大山铺恐龙化石坑中的三件龟甲标本,命名为一新属新种—周氏四川龟（Sichuanchelyschowigen．etsp．nov．）。该属以椎盾极横宽,中部缘盾极狭长为主要特征,它代表了成渝龟科中一类较特别的类型。     

丹江库区晚新生代三种兔形类化石

记述了丹江库区周围发现的三种兔形类化石：产在丹江二级阶地基座岩层中的淅川跳兔（新种）Alloptoxxichuanwnsissp．nov．个体小,形态较早中新世中期的A．minor原始,其时代可能是早中新世早期,同时详细讨论了Alloptox的进化和分类;发现于台子山林场裂隙堆积物中的进步上新五褶兔（新种）Pliopentalagusprogressivussp.nov.个体为该属已知各种中最大者,形态较已知种更接近于现生的Pentalagus,它的时代可能为上新世末或更新世初;产于郧县曲远河口汉水Ⅳ级阶地的复齿拟鼠兔Ochotonoidescomplicidens与蓝田金丝猴发现于同一阶地,推测其时代为早更新世晚期。