Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in eight genotypes of barley fed to growing pigs

To determine chemical composition, physical characteristics and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and amino acids (AA) in eight current hulled barley genotypes, an experiment with growing pigs has been conducted. These genotypes included Yool, Campanile, Lomerit, Travira, Anisette, Canberra, Metaxa and Fridericus. Growing barrows with an average initial BW of 30±2 kg were surgically fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum, and allotted to an 8×9 Youden square design with eight periods of 6 days each and nine pigs. Barley was the sole dietary source of CP and AA. On average, the eight genotypes contained on as-fed basis 10.7% CP, 15.2% total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), 17.1% NDF and 4.1% β-glucan, and had a mean test weight (TW) of 72.2 kg/hl. The SID of CP in the barley genotypes varied from 69% to 74%, and was greater (P<0.01) for genotypes Travira, Anisette and Metaxa compared to Yool and Campanile. Standardized ileal digestibility of Lys, Met and Trp (P<0.05) but not of Thr differed between genotypes. Moreover, barley genotypes differed in their standardized ileal digestible content (cSID) of CP and AA. Furthermore, SID and cSID of CP and most AA linearly decreased (P<0.05) with increasing NDF and total sugar content. Standardized ileal digestibility of CP and some AA and cSID of CP and most AA decreased linearly with increasing TW (P<0.05). Additionally, SID and cSID of CP and AA of most barley genotypes were lower when compared to tabulated values. In conclusion, a comprehensive database on chemical composition and SID of CP and AA in eight current barley genotypes has been made available. However, as present SID values are lower compared to feed tables, adjustments are required to minimize the risk of overestimating the actual protein value of barley for pigs.     

矮生菜豆胚乳细胞形成时的超微结构研究

应用透射电镜对矮生菜豆的游离核胚乳、胚乳细胞及珠被绒毡层的超微结构进行了观察,揭示了胚乳细胞化过程中自由生长壁的形成方式。实验表明,在游离核胚乳中存在大量有被小泡,胚乳游离核的外层核膜发生明显外突并以出芽的方式产生有被小泡。初始胚乳细胞壁为自由生长壁,大量有被小泡融合于自由生长壁末端使之不断延伸并产生分枝。与珠被绒毡层相邻的胚乳细胞产生发达的壁内突,具有传递细胞特征;在这些细胞中出现大量的核糖体及粗糙内质网,表现现高度的合成活性。     

Temperature,precipitation, and insolation effects on autumn vegetation phenology in temperate China

Autumn phenology plays a critical role in regulating climate–biosphere interactions. However, the climatic drivers of autumn phenology remain unclear. In this study, we applied four methods to estimate the date of the end of the growing season (EOS) across China's temperate biomes based on a 30‐year normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS). We investigated the relationships of EOS with temperature, precipitation sum, and insolation sum over the preseason periods by computing temporal partial correlation coefficients. The results showed that the EOS date was delayed in temperate China by an average rate at 0.12 ± 0.01 days per year over the time period of 1982–2011. EOS of dry grassland in Inner Mongolia was advanced. Temporal trends of EOS determined across the four methods were similar in sign, but different in magnitude. Consistent with previous studies, we observed positive correlations between temperature and EOS. Interestingly, the sum of precipitation and insolation during the preseason was also associated with EOS, but their effects were biome dependent. For the forest biomes, except for evergreen needle‐leaf forests, the EOS dates were positively associated with insolation sum over the preseason, whereas for dry grassland, the precipitation over the preseason was more dominant. Our results confirmed the importance of temperature on phenological processes in autumn, and further suggested that both precipitation and insolation should be considered to improve the performance of autumn phenology models.     

小兴安岭红松日径向变化及其对气象因子的响应

利用带状树干径向变化记录仪监测了小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区原始阔叶红松林中的红松树干径向生长,分别用两种数据处理方法(日最大值法与周期循环法)分析了红松径向生长与气象因子的关系。结果表明:红松径向生长于5月中旬开始,在7月末趋于结束,最大径向生长速率出现在6月中旬。使用Gompertz生长模型能很好的拟合红松的径向生长,可以解释红松92%以上的径向变化。对于日最大值法,偏相关分析表明日径向变化与空气相对湿度、土壤温度和降雨量显著相关;对于周期循环法,第一阶段(收缩阶段)收缩量主要受到相对湿度、土壤温度和水汽压亏缺的影响。第二阶段(膨胀阶段)影响树干径向恢复的主要因子是降雨量和最高气温。第三阶段(增长阶段)对树干径向生长影响最显著的是最低气温和降雨量。应用多元线性模型分析显示,周期循环法能更加细化的分析日气象因子对红松径向生长的影响,能够更为真实地解释红松径向生长动态变化特点与规律,其中第二和第三阶段的降雨和最低气温对红松径向生长的影响最大。     

祁连山冷龙岭南麓垂直带植被移地试验中鹅绒委陵菜克隆生长特征

在祁连山东段冷龙岭南麓海拔3 200～3 800 m的4个样地间按主要植被类型进行双向移地试验,以自然垂直带移地样方内鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)为研究对象,调查其克隆生长对气候变化的响应和适应特征.结果表明:鹅绒委陵菜从海拔3 200 m和3 400 m分别双向移至4个不同海拔区生长1年后,所有样地中1条匍匐茎的植株最多(占43.66%),4条匍匐茎的最少(占4.23%);随海拔升高,它们的匍匐茎总条数分别表现为逐渐增多和减少-增加-减少的趋势,基株高度和基叶数均呈先增加后减少的显著变化趋势,分株数逐渐增加,间隔子长度分别呈先增加后减少和增加-减小-增加的趋势;匍匐茎长度在移到3 400 m时最大,移到3 800 m时最小.研究发现,移地后鹅绒委陵菜的匍匐茎数、基株高度、基叶数、分株数、间隔子长度等均可发生变化;鹅绒委陵菜对不同海拔高度的生态环境表现出不同的克隆生长特征,以适应环境稳定种群.     

龙眼重回缩修剪树有机营养及枝梢生长特性

测定石硖龙眼树重回缩后各次梢的长度、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白质含量,结果表明:重回缩修剪树较对照多长1次梢,梢长也极显著大于对照;叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和对照都没有显著差异;净光合速率总体高于对照;可溶性糖含量极显著低于对照。施用PP333可以有效抑制枝梢徒长,对其它测定项目无显著影响。     

Amylose Content and Starch Granule Size in Rice Grains are Affected By Growing Season

Amylose content and starch granule size in grains influence rice quality, which differs between the early (ES) and late season (LS). The objective of this study was to determine the variation of amylose content and starch granule size between seasons and find the main reasons (e.g., temperature and solar radiation) for the observed variation. Field experiments with six rice varieties (three high and three low amylose content rice) planted in the ES and LS were conducted in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The mean temperatures during the filling stage were higher in ES, however, the daily temperatures at 7-10 days after flowering (DAF) in 2016, and at 5-10, 13-14 DAF in 2017 were higher in LS. The results showed that amylose content in LS was lower than in ES with high amylose content rice varieties (HACV); the opposite trend occurred with low amylose content rice varieties (LACV). The mean starch granule diameter was higher in LS than ES in 2016, but the opposite result occurred in 2017 with all rice. Our results suggest that higher temperatures increased and decreased the amylose content in HACV and LACV, respectively. Temperatures at 5-15 DAF were important for the formation of starch granules: lower temperatures during 10-14 DAF increased the proportion of larger starch granules (d＞6.21 μm, some with d＞13.3 μm), and higher temperatures at 5-6 DAF increased the proportion of starch granules with diameter 4.24-6.21 μm.     

内陆干旱区典型旱生植物蒸腾耗水量模拟研究

内陆干旱区植物耗水量是生态恢复和水资源管理的重要依据。参照甘肃省民勤县青土湖附近气象条件、干旱区典型植物生理特征以及土壤水力特征参数,采用Tardieu-Davies模型（气孔导度模型）,计算在适宜和极限生态地下水埋深下7种典型植物生长季蒸腾耗水量,并与国内外研究成果对比,得出以下结论：适宜、极限生态地下水埋深下,7种植物生长季内平均蒸腾量分别为793、602 mm。不同植物蒸腾量差异大,适宜生态地下水位埋深下水生植物芦苇（Phragmites australis）、河岸带植被柽柳（Tamarix chinensis）蒸腾量最大,分别为1292、1147 mm;耐旱性强的荒漠植被梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）蒸腾量最小,为279 mm;其它植被盐节木（Halocnemum strobilaceum）（940 mm）、罗布麻（Poacynum hendersonii）（913 mm）、白刺（Nitraria tangutorum）（534 mm）、胡杨（Populus euphratica）（448 mm）蒸腾量依次减小。由适宜生态地下水埋深降低至极限生态地下水埋深时,植物蒸腾量平均减少24%。耐旱性强的梭梭、白刺减幅大,分别为53、35%;耐旱性弱的芦苇、柽柳减幅小,分别为19、13%。