华北落叶松种子园控制授粉子代遗传多样性分析

以华北落叶松控制授粉群体的全部子代为材料,母本相同的个体视为同一家系,利用18对SSR分子标记对7个家系257个个体进行扩增,分析其遗传多样性及其遗传分化水平。结果表明:(1)18个SSR位点共检测到72个等位基因,平均等位基因数4个,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.247~3.411。(2)7个家系的平均有效等位基因数为2.135个,观测杂合度(Ho)为0.518,期望杂合度(He)为0.502,Shannon信息指数0.846,其中55号家系遗传多样性水平最高,56号的遗传多样性水平最低。(3)遗传分化系数(GST)为0.113,各家系群体处于中等遗传分化水平,AMOVA分析结果显示82%的遗传变异存在于家系内,18%的遗传变异存在于家系间。(4)聚类分析结果表明,55号与59号家系的遗传距离最近,具有较近的亲缘关系,49号家系与其他家系的遗传距离最远。(5)结合遗传多样性及遗传分化水平结果,估算获得选择核心家系数及核心个体数,选择5个家系均可获得96%以上的遗传多样性,对于个体数较少的家系,选择15~20个个体;对于个体数较多的家系,选择35个个体,即可获得96%以上的遗传多样性。该研究结果对华北落叶松种子园育种群体的选择及其遗传多样性的保护具有重要意义。     

环境DNA及其在水生生态系统保护中的应用

环境DNA(environmental DNA,e DNA)是指可以从环境样品(如水、土壤、空气、冰芯等)中直接提取到的DNA片段总和。e DNA技术是在确定调查物种或种群的特异性基因识别片段的基础上,利用各种分子手段检测从环境介质中所提取e DNA包含识别片段的情况,进而确定取样环境中生物的分布状况,包括e DNA获取、e DNA分析和结果分析3个阶段,是近年来新出现的一种生物调查方法。与传统方法相比,e DNA技术具有灵敏度高、省时省力、对调查对象无损伤等优点,不要求调查者具有传统的生物识别及鉴定经验。目前e DNA技术已被应用于目标物种(如入侵物种、濒危物种及其他稀有物种)"有无"的检测、生物量的估测、水体生物多样性的调查等,在水生生态系统的保护中具有广泛的应用前景,但目前仅在少数发达国家展开应用,亟待进一步推广。目前研究者们所用的e DNA方法各不相同,有待对现有方法进行完善并建立技术标准;作为一种调查方法,其时间及空间精确度有待进一步评价;利用e DNA技术估测生物量的准确度还较低,建议首先提高对e DNA产生与降解动力学的认识,再进一步寻求提高其准确度的方法。     

人工长白落叶松冠层光合作用-光响应曲线最优模型

以黑龙江省帽儿山林场15年生人工长白落叶松为研究对象,采用直角双曲线模型(RH)、非直角双曲线模型(NRH)、指数模型(EM)、修正直角双曲线模型(MRH)和修正指数模型(MEM)分别对4种不同光响应特征的光合作用-光响应曲线(光抑制型光响应曲线,PLC_i;光饱和型光响应曲线,PLC_s;未饱和型光响应曲线,PLC_u;弱光环境下植被的光响应曲线,PLC_w)进行拟合,计算出光饱和时的最大净光合速率(P_{n max})、暗呼吸速率(R_d)、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)及表观量子效率(AQY)等重要的光合生理指标,综合对比5个候选模型对不同响应曲线的拟合优度和对光合生理指标的估计精度.结果表明: MEM模型仅适用于拟合光抑制型曲线,MRH对光抑制型曲线和光饱和型曲线的拟合效果最好(R_a²分别为0.9986和0.9978),NRH最适合拟合未饱和型曲线和弱光环境型曲线(R_a²分别为0.9996和0.9963).在所有类型曲线中,MRH模型估计P_{n max}时,平均相对误差绝对值(MAPE)最低(0.1%R_d表现出更准确的估计(MAPE分别为1.8%、0.1%和3.9%);RH模型对光抑制型曲线的LCP及光饱和型曲线的R_d有更好的估计效果(MAPE分别为1.0%和2.7%);EM模型适用于估计弱光环境型曲线的LCP(MAPE为0.2%).MRH在保证较好的模型拟合效果及光合生理指标估计精度以外,还在拟合不同类型曲线时表现出极高的稳定性,因此,本文选择MRH模型作为拟合人工长白落叶松冠层光合作用-光响应曲线的最优模型.     

Analysis of genetic structure of a Suillus grevillei population in a Larix kaempferi stand by polymorphism of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)

Clones of ectomycorrhizal fungi can colonize new areas through production of vegetative mycelium or spore dispersal, but the relative importance of these processes in nature is not known. In this study, sporocarps of an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Suillus grevillei , were mapped and sampled from a Larix kaempferi stand at the foot of Mt Fuji. DNA was extracted directly from each sporocarp, and DNA polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) regions primed by (GTG)₅, (GCC)₅ and (GACA)₄. Different sensitivities to detect polymorphism were found among the three primers, with (GACA)₄ showing the highest sensitivity. Forty seven sporocarps were analysed by the three ISSR primers and divided into 34 genets based on combination of PCR fingerprints. In the population 28 genets were represented by individual sporocarps. In most cases, sporocarps grown in aggregation (within a circle of 50 cm diameter) showed some different ISSR band patterns. These results suggest that genets of S. grevillei at the test site are relatively small. The genetic similarities between the 34 genets were also calculated and similarity groups were determined by the criterion that all similarity F values of genets within a group were not <80%. In general, the genets within a similarity group located close to each other. The results of multiple different but highly related genets in a small area suggest that the population of S. grevillei in this stand is not spread and maintained by clonal mycelium extension but is reproduced by spore dispersal.     

黑龙江漠河兴安落叶松与樟子松树轮生长特性及其对气候的响应

树木年轮 (简称树轮 ) 气候学是监测与重建全球气候变化的重要方法之一。针叶树树轮的生长能反馈出气温的变化, 在高纬度地带尤为明显。该文分析了生长在我国最北部的兴安落叶松 (Larixgmelinii) 与樟子松 (Pinussylvestrisvar.mongolica) 的树轮密度和宽度的特性。落叶松最大密度、晚材平均密度、早晚材宽度和轮宽都远高于樟子松。樟子松的所有密度变量的样本方差都明显高于兴安落叶松, 宽度变量的样本方差却明显低于兴安落叶松。两树种密度变量的差值年表显著相关, 宽度变量之间没有显著相关关系。落叶松与樟子松的晚材密度的形成受 7、8月的最高温控制。另外, 樟子松的晚材还与生长季节的长短相关。落叶松的年轮宽度对生长季节开始前的温度敏感, 而樟子松的轮宽对气候变量没有很好的响应。结果表明, 落叶松与樟子松的树轮最大密度都与生长季后期的温度显著相关, 两树种的树轮信息对气候变化的重建有很大的潜力。     

Changes in intracellular localization of peroxidase during Microsporogenesis in Gymnosperms

Cytochemical investigations on peroxidase localization during microsporogenesis inLarix europaea D.C.,Taxus baccata L. andPinus sylvestris L. have revealed striking differences in the localization and activity level of this enzyme linked with the developmental stage. The localization and level of activity of peroxidase, typical of each stage, changed in the course of microsporogenesis in a strictly orderly way, giving a characteristic and stable pattern. The pattern of intracellular peroxidase localization proved to be the same for microsporogenesis of all the gymnosperms in question. It is suggested that the identity of that pattern in plants so phylogenetically distant asTaxus baccata L. andPinus sylvestris L. indicates that peroxidase activity in gymnosperms’ microsporogenesis is connected with the fundamental and genetically well stabilized processes of meiotic cytodifferentiation. Moreover, enhanced peroxidase activity has been found in the sites of callose walls synthesis of dyads and tetrads, which suggests the participation of this enzyme in callose synthesis.     

不同林龄华北落叶松人工林根系特征和氮磷养分研究

采用野外调查取样和实验室分析相结合的方法,以陕西太白和甘肃小陇山5年(5a),10年(10a),20年(20a)生华北落叶松为试验材料,分析林下土壤全氮、全磷含量,林木根、茎、叶的生物量和全氮、全磷含量,根系形态特征,以及它们之间的相关性。结果显示:(1)不同林龄华北落叶松土壤全氮含量随土层深度的增加而降低,而土壤全磷含量并未表现出均一规律,0~60cm土层中的全氮、全磷含量之间呈显著正相关关系。(2)叶中的氮磷含量最高,且叶和细根中的氮磷含量显著高于粗根和茎中的含量,各器官内氮磷含量存在显著正相关关系。(3)各器官生物量和氮磷积累量随着林龄的增加而显著增加,茎的生物量最大,叶中氮磷积累量最高。(4)表层土壤(0~20cm)氮含量和细根氮、磷含量均与细根比根长存在显著正相关关系。(5)粗根总长、侧根平均长、最大径向距离和最大根深随林龄的增加而增加;粗根氮、磷含量分别与粗根总长、粗根最大径向距离呈显著负相关关系。研究表明:土壤氮含量的适当提高,可以增加细根比根长,当粗根氮磷含量下降时,华北落叶松通过拓展根系吸收氮磷养分的范围来满足自身生长的需要。