Continuous micropropagation of juvenile larch from different species via adventitious bud formation

A continuous propagation of juvenile larch in vitro was based on adventitious bud formation and different cytokinin combinations were tested concerning their effectiveness to induce elongation of adventitious buds. Zeatin (1.5 mg dm-3) combined with kinetin (0.15 mg dm-3) was found to be the best. Development and elongation of buds was achieved on a modified LP-medium. Using this system it was possible to propagate different larchspecies (Larix decidua, L. gmelinii and L. sukaczewii f. multiramosus) continuously. Shoots were successfully rooted and transferred to the soil. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

兴安落叶松种群的稳定性与火干扰关系的研究

从种群生态学和干扰生态学的角度出发,采用火史重建的方法,研究了大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松种群的稳定性与火干扰的关系。结果表明：研究区内历史上火干扰频繁,平均间隔期为２８．９年,火烧强度较低。兴安落叶松依靠较强的耐火力、火力恢复力及自我恢复力具一定的稳定性。种群耐火力与长期火状况密切相关,表现为：低频类〈中频类〈高频类,高强类〈中强类〈低强类。火后恢复力与自我恢复力和最近一次火烧强度及距今时间密切相关：     

长白落叶松冠层光合作用的空间异质性

以2014年黑龙江省帽儿山林场14年生人工长白落叶松为研究对象,对比分析了各项光合指标、环境因子及光合生理参数在冠层内的空间差异性,并探讨了净光合速率(P_n)与其他指标的关系.结果表明: 在树冠垂直方向,上层P_n、气孔导度(g_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)显著高于中层和下层,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)表现为下层>中层>上层;光合有效辐射(PAR)从上层外部到下层内部呈显著降低趋势,水汽压差(VPD)和叶片温度(T_l)表现为上层显著高于中层和下层,相对湿度(RH)则无显著差异;最大净光合速率(P_{n max})、暗呼吸速率(R_d)、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)均表现为上层>中层>下层,下层比上层分别降低32.7%、55.8%、80.2%和51.6%,表观量子效率(AQY)表现为下层>中层>上层,下层分别是中层和上层的1.2和1.3倍.水平方向,光合指标和环境因子的差异性主要体现在树冠上层,P_n、g_s、T_r、PAR和VPD表现为树冠外部显著高于树冠内部,而C_i和RH差异不显著;P_{n max}、R_d、LCP和LSP表现为外部>内部,内部比外部分别降低0.4%、37.7%、42.0%和16.4%,而AQY在内部比外部高0.7%.C_i是限制P_n的主要生理因子,PAR是影响P_n的主要环境因子,尤其在弱光区域PAR对P_n的影响十分明显.因此,在模拟和预估树木冠层光合作用时,考虑空间异质性有一定的必要性.     

Carbon pool densities and a first estimate of the total carbon pool in the Mongolian forest‐steppe

The boreal forest biome represents one of the most important terrestrial carbon stores, which gave reason to intensive research on carbon stock densities. However, such an analysis does not yet exist for the southernmost Eurosiberian boreal forests in Inner Asia. Most of these forests are located in the Mongolian forest‐steppe, which is largely dominated by Larix sibirica. We quantified the carbon stock density and total carbon pool of Mongolia's boreal forests and adjacent grasslands and draw conclusions on possible future change. Mean aboveground carbon stock density in the interior of L. sibirica forests was 66 Mg C ha^?1, which is in the upper range of values reported from boreal forests and probably due to the comparably long growing season. The density of soil organic carbon (SOC, 108 Mg C ha^?1) and total belowground carbon density (149 Mg C ha^?1) are at the lower end of the range known from boreal forests, which might be the result of higher soil temperatures and a thinner permafrost layer than in the central and northern boreal forest belt. Land use effects are especially relevant at forest edges, where mean carbon stock density was 188 Mg C ha^?1, compared with 215 Mg C ha^?1 in the forest interior. Carbon stock density in grasslands was 144 Mg C ha^?1. Analysis of satellite imagery of the highly fragmented forest area in the forest‐steppe zone showed that Mongolia's total boreal forest area is currently 73 818 km², and 22% of this area refers to forest edges (defined as the first 30 m from the edge). The total forest carbon pool of Mongolia was estimated at ~ 1.5?1.7 Pg C, a value which is likely to decrease in future with increasing deforestation and fire frequency, and global warming.     

长白落叶松生理生态特性的CO2响应及意义

人工气候室中测定了不同ＣＯ２（０－１０００ｍｇｍ＾－３）浓度时不同无性系长白落叶松二年生扦插苗的净光合速率,蒸腾速率和水分利用率等,并做了回归分析。结果表明,净光合速率和水分利用率随ＣＯ２浓度的增加而升高,蒸腾速度随ＣＯ２浓度的增加而降低,但不同无性系的ＣＯ２响应方式及强度不同,不同无性系长白落叶松的ＣＯ２补偿点亦不同,这些差异是无性系选择的基础上,在无性系选择中,净光合速率和水分利用率的ＣＯ２响     

十八个产地兴安落叶松种皮微形态的研究

对18个不同产地的兴安落叶松种皮微形态进引扫描电镜观察。结果表明,种子背面均为条网状纹饰,腹面为拟脑状纹饰,种孔周围呈条带状皱波纹饰,种孔周围形态存在三种类型。种皮纹饰在种内基本上是稳定的,其中腹面纹饰较背面纹饰的变异幅度大。种皮纹饰特征可以作为兴安落叶松种子鉴定的依据之一。     

基于抚育间伐效应的长白落叶松人工林两阶段枯死模型

1972和1974年分别在黑龙江省江山娇林场及孟家岗林场设置10块长白落叶松人工林固定样地(8块抚育间伐样地、2块对照样地),采用连年复测数据,分析抚育间伐对人工长白落叶松样地枯死与单木枯死的影响.基于二分类变量Logistic回归,建立了样地枯死及样地内单木枯死概率的两阶段模型(Ⅰ:抚育间伐后样地水平枯死概率模型;Ⅱ:枯死样地中单木水平枯死概率模型),采用广义估计方程(GEE)方法对模型参数进行估计.根据敏感度和特异度曲线相交点确定枯死概率最优临界点.结果表明: 样地数据按照抚育间伐次数分为4组分别建模(模型1～模型4).在模型1中,地位指数、林分年龄的自然对数、抚育间伐年龄及强度为显著自变量;模型2～模型4采用主成分分析法建模,主成分包含林分年龄、每公顷株数、平均胸径及抚育间伐因子,说明抚育间伐因子对样地枯死概率有显著影响.抚育间伐对枯死样地中单木枯死概率无显著影响,单木枯死概率模型中显著性自变量为林分初植密度、年龄、林木胸径的倒数及林分中大于对象木的所有林木断面积之和.样地枯死概率模型及单木枯死概率模型Hosmer和Lemeshow拟合优度检验均不显著,模型AUC均在0.91以上,估计正确率均超过80%,说明模型拟合效果较好.     

Leaf nutrient dynamics and nutrient resorption: a comparison between larch plantations and adjacent secondary forests in Northeast China

Aims Conversion of secondary forests to pure larch plantations is a common management practice driven by the increasing demand for timber production in Northeast China, resulting in a reduction in soil nutrient availability after a certain number of years following conversion. Nutrient resorption prior to leaf senescence was related to soil fertility, an important nutrient conservation strategy for plants, being especially significant in nutrient-poor habitats. However, the seasonal dynamics of leaf nutrients and nutrient resorption in response to secondary forest conversion to larch plantations is not well understood.Methods A comparative experiment between larch plantations (Larix spp.) and adjacent secondary forests (dominant tree species including Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, Juglans mandshurica and Fraxinus rhynchophylla) was conducted. We examined the variations in leaf nutrient (macronutrients: N, P, K, Ca and Mg; micronutrients: Cu and Zn) concentrations of these tree species during the growing season from May to October in 2013. Nutrient resorption efficiency and proficiency were compared between Larix spp. and the broadleaved species in the secondary forests.Important findings Results show that the seasonal variation of nutrient concentrations in leaves generally exhibited two trends, one was a downward trend for N, P, K, Cu and Zn, and another was an upward trend for Ca and Mg. The variations in foliar nutrient concentrations were mainly controlled by the developmental stage of leaves rather than by tree species. Resorption of the observed seven elements varied among the five tree species during leaf senescence. Nutrient resorption efficiency varied 6–75% of N, P, K, Mg, Cu and Zn, while Ca was not retranslocated in the senescing leaves of all species, and Mg was not retranslocated in Larix spp. Generally, Larix spp. tended to be more efficient and proficient (higher than 6–30% and 2–271% of nutrient resorption efficiency and resorption proficiency, respectively) in resorbing nutrients than the broadleaved species in the secondary forests, indicating that larch plantations had higher leaf nutrient resorption and thus nutrient use efficiency. Compared with Larix spp., more nutrients would remain in the leaf litter of the secondary forests, indicating an advantage of secondary forests in sustaining soil fertility. In contrast, the larch plantation would reuse internal nutrients rather than lose nutrients with litter fall and thus produce a positive feedback to soil nutrient availability. In summary, our results suggest that conversion from secondary forests to pure larch plantations would alter nutrient cycling through a plant-mediated pathway.