长白落叶松种子园亲本无性系生长性状变异研究

东北地区多个长白落叶松（Larix olgensis）种子园已经营建多年,但亲本生长情况往往被忽视。本研究以汪清林业局49个长白落叶松亲本无性系为材料,对其多个生长性状进行测定与遗传变异分析,方差分析结果表明49个无性系间的各测定性状差异均达极显著水平,各测定性状表型变异系数和遗传变异系数变化范围分别为7.71%~31.93%和2.05%~12.55%,重复力变化范围为0.44~0.76,高重复力、高变异系数有利于无性系的评价选择;树高、胸径等大部分生长性状的相关性达极显著水平,表明各生长性状在生长发育中相互影响;主成分分析结果表明第一主成分贡献率为61.44%,主要代表生物量性状;依托主成分分析结果对长白落叶松亲本无性系进行综合评价,初步筛选L76、L5、L7、L12和L4等5个优良无性系,这些无性系树高等性状遗传增益变化范围为3.55%~15.50%,入选无性系可以为长白落叶松良种选育提供材料。     

不同林龄、树种落叶松人工林径向生长与气候变化的关系

研究人工林径向生长与气候变化的关系对全球气候变暖背景下人工林合理经营有着重要的意义。该文对在辽东山区广泛栽培的黄花落叶松(Larix olgensis)和日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)人工林, 运用树木年轮气候学方法建立了辽宁草河口和湾甸子林场落叶松人工林年表, 分析了落叶松径向生长对气候变化的响应以及气候条件、树种、立地条件和林分因子(林龄、密度、蓄积量等)的相对影响程度。结果发现在影响年轮-气候关系的因素中, 气象因子的潜在蒸发散(PET)的影响力最大; 林龄、密度和蓄积量同时也具有重要的影响作用。中龄落叶松人工林径向生长主要与气温呈正相关关系, 成熟落叶松人工林径向生长主要与气温呈负相关关系; 而其他因素, 如树种、立地条件等的影响作用不大。这表明在气候变暖背景下随着林龄增加, 林分会逐渐受到气温升高导致的水分亏缺的限制, 导致明显的生长下降趋势, 因而气候变暖对成熟落叶松人工林威胁更为严重, 所以要注重对成熟林的优先保护, 同时可以预测, 随着东北地区今后气候进一步变暖, 可能将逐步影响到林龄更小的林分的生长, 因此需要进一步研究如何在落叶松人工林经营中采取科学的措施来更好地应对未来气候变化。     

Growth in stem diameter of Larix principis-rupprechtii and its response to meteorological factors in the south of Liupan Mountain, China

Research related to daily and seasonal pattern of stem growth of Larix principis-rupprechtii was carried out with the help of a dendrometer from June to September in 2005 in the Liupan Mountain, Ningxia, Northwestern China. The results indicated that daily fluctuation of stem diameter was rhythmic and it could be divided into three continuous phases: contraction, expansion and stem diameter growth when daily rainfall < 10 mm during the measurement period. Comparatively, it showed a different pattern compared with the former when daily rainfall ≥10 mm and in the subsequent days. Based on the work done by Deslauriers et al. a modified method was designed to calculate daily and cumulative stem growth, and it showed that seasonal pattern of cumulative stem growth was similar among five sample trees. From June and July, stem growth rate was quick and the values were in the range 27.0–44.2 μm per day. Relatively, they took on a slow growth rate from August to September, and the values were under 10 μm per day. And it also showed that there existed a significant difference in stem growth among sample trees, which could be as a result of the difference in tree domain and their positions in the stand. The relationship between daily stem growth and meteorological factors was studied by principle component analysis and partial correlation analysis, and the result indicated that the daily rainfall, daily minimum temperature, daily average solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit were four significant factors which determined the daily stem growth.     

三种直径分布拟合模型在长白落叶松林分的实际应用

基于长白落叶松中龄纯林样地调查,采用相对直径法、指数函数法和Weibull分布函数法三种常用方法拟合林分胸径分布规律.结果表明,三种方法均能有效描述林分直径分布规律,特别是指数函数简单易行、拟合精度高、适用性强,可视为长白落叶松中龄林直径分布拟合的最优模型.     

Short-term effects of thinning and liming on forest soils of pitch pine and Japanese larch plantations in central Korea

The influences of thinning (50% of standing density) and liming (Ca+Mg, 2 Mg ha⁻¹) on soil chemical properties were investigated for 2 years (2001, 2002) in 40-year-old pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) and 44-year-old Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Gord.) plantations established on similar soils. In general, soil properties varied significantly among plantations and treatments. For both plantations, thinning significantly increased soil organic C (SOC) concentrations whereas there were no significant changes in soil pH and Ca and Mg concentrations. In addition, thinning increased total soil N and Na concentrations for the pitch pine plantation and available P concentration for the Japanese larch plantation in the second year after the treatment. Liming did not affect soil chemical characteristics for the pitch pine plantation except for Na concentration. However, for the Japanese larch plantation, liming significantly increased soil pH and K, Ca and Mg concentrations and decreased SOC and total soil N concentrations. For both plantations, soil Al concentration did not change after thinning and liming and decreased exponentially with increased pH values. The increases in SOC and total soil N concentrations after thinning were possibly due to increases in decomposition of organic matter and root death. Although differences were not statistically significant, soil available P concentration tended to increase at early stages of liming for both plantations. These results suggested that thinning and liming seemed to regulate soil chemical properties for pitch pine and Japanese larch plantations established on similar soils.     

Pathogenicity of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to Japanese larch, Larix kaempferi, seedlings

Pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to Japanese larch, Larix kaempferi, seedlings was tested with inoculation experiments under nursery conditions. Water suspensions of nematodes (mixed stages cultured on Botrytis cinerea or dispersal fourth-stage juveniles (DJ4) extracted from the adult Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus) were injected into the stems of 2- and 3-year-old Japanese larch and Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii, seedlings growing in a nursery. In another treatment, Japanese pine sawyer adults holding DJ4 were released under a net that covered the upper half of the seedlings. Regardless of nematode inoculation method, Japanese larch seedlings were as susceptible as Japanese black pine seedlings to B. xylophilus under nursery conditions. The rate of disease development was similar on larch and pine seedlings. Nematode population densities were lower in the stems of dead larch seedlings than in the stems of dead pine seedlings. Histopathological observations revealed that the distribution of nematodes in the stems of dead larch seedlings was mostly limited to the cortex, phloem and cambial zone. Traumatic resin canal formation was one of the most characteristic symptoms in larch seedlings which was dissimilar to that in pine seedlings.     

7个光响应曲线模型对不同植物种的实用性

光响应曲线研究方法被广泛应用在植物生理的研究中,但是在应用光响应模型拟合光响应数据时,往往只考虑到研究的目的,很少考虑到模型是否适用于所研究的植物。本文通过采用7个不同的光响应模型对白桦叶片和兴安落叶松针叶光响应曲线数据拟合的比较,发现不同模型对同一种植物光响应曲线的拟合结果存在着差异,同一模型对同种植物不同部位叶片光响应曲线的拟合效果也不同,所以在研究植物的光响应时,应考虑到所选光响应模型对该种植物的光响应情况的描述是否恰当。根据具体情况选择最佳模型,以最大限度地保证估测生理指标结果的精确性。     

Root system development of Larix gmelinii trees affected by micro-scale conditions of permafrost soils in central Siberia

Spatial distributions of root systems of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. trees were examined in two stands in central Siberia: an even-aged stand (ca. 100 yrs-old) and a mature, uneven-aged (240–280 yrs-old) stand. Five larch trees of different sizes were sampled by excavating coarse roots (diameter > 5 mm) in each stand. Dimensions and ages of all first-order lateral roots were measured. Micro-scale conditions of soil temperature and soil water suction (each 10 cm deep) were also examined in relation to earth hummock topography (mound vs. trough) and/or ground floor vegetation types (moss vs. lichens). All larch trees developed superficial root systems, consisting of the aborted short tap root (10–40 cm in soil depth) and some well-spread lateral roots (n= 4-13). The root network of each tree was asymmetric, and its rooting area reached about four times the crown projection area. Lateral roots generally expanded into the upper soil layers of the mounds where summer soil temperature was 1–6°C higher than inside nearby troughs. Chronological analysis indicated that lateral root expansion started successively from lower to upper parts of each aborted tap root, and some lateral roots occurred simultaneously at several decades after tree establishment. The process of root system development was likely to be primarily linked with post-fire dynamics of rhizosphere environment of the permafrost soils.     

Fine root biomass,production and turnover in a fertilized <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix leptolepis</Emphasis> plantation in central Korea

The effects of fertilization [control (C), 200kgNha^–1+25kgP ha^–1 (LNP) and 400kgNha^–1+ 50kgP ha^–1 (HNP)] on fine root dynamics were examined in a 40-year-old Larix leptolepis plantation in central Korea. The average fine root biomass during the growing season for C, LNP and HNP was 957, 934 and 814kgha^–1, respectively, whereas the fine root production for C, LNP and HNP was 2103, 2131 and 2066kgha^–1, respectively. Nitrogen and P inputs into the soil via fine root turnover for C, LNP and HNP were 23.0 and 1.2, 23.3 and 1.2 and 22.6 and 1.2kgha^–1, respectively. There were no significant differences in fine root biomass, production and N and P inputs through fine root turnover between the fertilization treatments during the first growing season after fertilization.     

Pathogenicity to western larch (Larix occidentalis) of two fungi, Ophiostoma pseudotsugae and Leptographium abietinum, associated with the Douglas fir beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1 Pole-sized, live western larch Larix occidentalis Nutt. were mass-inoculated with Ophiostoma pseudotsugae (Romb.) von Arx or Leptographium abietinum (Peck) Wingf., two blue-stain fungi associated with the Douglas fir beetle Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, to assess their pathogenicity. 2 Inoculation with O. pseudotsugae resulted in significantly greater percentages of necrotic phloem compared with L. abietinum inoculations. 3 The percentage of occluded sapwood was significantly greater after L. abietinum inoculations compared with O. pseudotsugae inoculations. 4 Within the inoculation band, all trees had more than 60% functional sapwood 4 months after treatment. 5 The results suggest that western larch can successfully limit colonization by O. pseudotsugae and L. abietinum. 6 The inability of the fungi to thrive in live western larch may be a factor in the consistent failure of Douglas fir beetle broods in this host tree species.