样点法在森林鸟类调查中的运用

样点法由于具有易于实施、更易做到随机化或系统化以及适合于复杂及斑块化生境等优点,已成为目前使用最为广泛的森林鸟类调查方法。本文在介绍样点法的假设条件、类型和影响鸟类调查准确性因素的基础上,重点介绍了样点法在调查森林鸟类需要考虑的样本大小、样点布设、调查时间、每点的停留时间和调查周期等。同时也分析了样点法的不足,并提出样点法与网捕法结合是提高调查结果准确性的有效途径。     

森林草地转换对景观视觉效果的影响

基于景观保护的视点,定量研究了森林草地转换对景观视觉效果的影响．结果表明,中景域的可视区域比近景域和远景域大,草地建设对中景域景观视觉效果的影响也最大,因此,中景域是重要的景观保护对象．对草地内林地的可视量分析可知,各景域的可视林地多分布在400～600m高海拔上。25°以上的坡度范围内分布偏少．并探讨了草地建成后应采取的景观管理和保护对策,以增加草地景观的视觉效果．     

Assignment and evaluation of ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages to sites on different scales in a grassland landscape

Carabid beetles and environmental parameters were investigated in 52 grassland sites with three replicate pitfall traps in each site and in the valley of the River Eider in Schleswig–Holstein (northern Germany) with 61 pitfall traps. Environmental parameters included water content of soil, sand content, organic matter content and pH. Ground beetle assemblages were derived by detrended correspondence analyses (DCA) and characterised by the specific environmental conditions as means for each assemblage. On the regional scale including all investigated sites of Schleswig–Holstein, five assemblages were differentiated. On the local scale including the investigated sites in the valley of the River Eider, three assemblages were found corresponding well with those found on the regional scale. Environmental conditions at the sites of the five assemblages were correlated with land use data, soil types, and water level stages provided by three maps of a geographic information system (GIS). The GIS maps were combined to develop smaller areas with land use, soil type and water level stage information. The characteristic environmental conditions were assigned to each area to derive the spatial distribution of the five ground beetle assemblages. Spatial prediction was correct for 65% of investigated sites. The potential area of each assemblage was estimated for the valley. The different grassland areas were evaluated as potential habitats for ground beetle species comparing total species richness with the regional species richness of each assemblage. The comparison shows that species richness in the evaluated assemblages is relatively low compared to the regional potential.     

On the relationship between Pielou’s evenness and landscape dominance within the context of Hill’s diversity profiles

Entropy-related biodiversity indices deriving their conceptual basis from Shannon’s information theory have a long history of use in ecology for quantifying community structure and diversity. In addition, in the last two decades, numerous information–theoretical indices, such as the landscape dominance index, have been extensively applied to characterize landscape diversity in space and time. In this contribution, we offer a simple analytical relation between Pielou’s evenness J and landscape dominance D within the broader context of Hill’s parametric diversity family. Within this context, we recommend the use of Hill’s diversity number evenness E_1,0 to overcome the shortcomings both of Pielou’s evenness J and the landscape dominance index D.     

锦州湾及附近河口沉积物中砷含量、分布及形态

对葫芦岛3条河流和锦州湾水体、沉积物中As的含量、分布和形态进行了研究。结果表明：葫芦岛的连山河和五里河未受到明显的As污染,沉积物总As含量低于10 mg·kg^-1,河水As含量低于10 μg·L^-1,茨山河下游紧邻葫芦岛锌厂,受到了一定程度的As污染,沉积物As含量达75.2 mg·kg^-1;五里河口区As污染非常严重,锌厂在该区排污口处沉积物As含量高达3176.1 mg·kg^-1,超过国家沉积物As标准158倍;受锌厂排污的影响,锦州湾As污染也很严重,沉积物中As最高含量达到569.5 mg·kg^-1,沉积物和孔隙水含量在剖面上具有相似的变化趋势,表明孔隙水As含量主要受沉积物As含量影响;锦州湾沉积物中As主要以可交换态存在,残渣态次之,盐酸提取态最少,表明锦州湾沉积物中As的活性很强,有大量的可交换态As随时会进入上覆水体,是重要的As释放源,而铁对As行为的影响占次要地位;沉积物中大量As的释放可能会对葫芦岛和锦州湾地区生态系统造成严重的威胁。     

云南会泽废弃铅锌矿重金属污染评价

取样测定了云南会泽废弃铅锌矿土壤和植物中重金属元素Pb、Zn、Cd的含量,并采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法评估了会泽县废弃铅锌矿复垦地和撂荒地土壤的重金属污染状况。结果表明：1)以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)为标准,复垦地和撂荒地的土壤重金属含量均超过国家三级标准;复垦地中Cd、Zn、Pb 3种重金属的总含量分别为国家三级标准的35.0、28.0和11.3倍;撂荒地中这3种重金属总含量分别为国家三级标准的40.7、37.6和16.7倍。2)单项污染指数评价结果表明：铅锌矿废弃地污染指数为Cd>Zn>Pb,3种重金属均达到重污染级。综合污染指数评价结果显示：铅锌矿废弃地重金属污染达到重度污染等级,复垦地已不适宜耕种农作物。废弃矿山及土法冶炼后遗留的矿渣是重金属污染的主要原因。3)当地受重金属污染的土壤中仍然有生长良好的野生植物,并且有些植物种类对重金属的吸收转运能力较强,在土壤重金属污染的生物修复中有应用潜力。     

新疆十红滩砂岩型铀矿床中微生物多样性

微生物在矿床的形成过程中起着重要的作用。本文对新疆十红滩铀矿床不同亚带容矿层中的微生物进行了分离、鉴定、计数。结果表明：容岩矿石中存在不同种类的好氧和厌氧微生物,其分布随地质特征的变化呈现明显的规律性,氧化带微生物种类和数量较多,好氧的铁细菌为其中的优势菌群;氧化-还原过渡带好氧菌与厌氧菌共存,但好氧菌种类有所减少;还原带中主要的微生物类群为厌氧的硫酸盐还原菌。研究结果对于指导铀矿的开采技术、铀污染治理等有重要意义。     

Review of forest landscape models: Types, methods, development and applications

Forest landscape models simulate forest change through time using spatially referenced data across a broad spatial scale (i.e. landscape scale) generally larger than a single forest stand. Spatial interactions between forest stands are a key component of such models. These models can incorporate other spatio-temporal processes such as natural disturbances (e.g. wildfires, hurricanes, outbreaks of native and exotic invasive pests and diseases) and human influences (e.g. harvesting and commercial thinning, planting, fire suppression). The models are increasingly used as tools for studying forest management, ecological assessment, restoration planning, and climate change. In this paper, we define forest landscape models and discuss development, components, and types of the models. We also review commonly used methods and approaches of modeling forest landscapes, their application, and their strengths and weaknesses. New developments in computer sciences, geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing technologies, decision-support systems, and geo-spatial statistics have provided opportunities for developing a new generation of forest landscape models that are increasingly valuable for ecological research, restoration planning and resource management.     

Post‐fire tree establishment patterns at the alpine treeline ecotone: Mount Rainier National Park,Washington, USA

Questions: Does tree establishment: (1) occur at a treeline depressed by fire, (2) cause the forest line to ascend upslope, and/or (3) alter landscape heterogeneity? (4) What abiotic and biotic local site conditions are most important in structuring establishment patterns? (5) Does the abiotic setting become more important with increasing upslope distance from the forest line? Location: Western slopes of Mount Rainier, USA. Methods: We performed classification analysis of 1970 satellite imagery and 2003 aerial photography to delineate establishment. Local site conditions were calculated from a LIDAR‐based DEM, ancillary climate data, and 1970 tree locations in a GIS. We used logistic regression on a spatially weighted landscape matrix to rank variables. Results: Considerable establishment after 1970 caused forest line elevation to increase over 150 m in specific locations. Landscape heterogeneity increased with distance from the 1970 forest line. At a broad spatial context, we found establishment was most common near existing trees (0‐50 m) and at low elevations (1250‐1350 m). Slope aspect (W, NW, N, NE, and E), slope angle (40‐60°), and other abiotic factors emerged as important predictors of establishment with increasing upslope distance from the forest line to restricted spatial extents. Conclusions: Favorable climatic conditions likely triggered widespread tree establishment. Readily available seed probably enhanced establishment rates near sexually mature trees, particularly in the less stressful environment at low elevations. The mass effect of nearly ubiquitous establishment in these areas may have obscured the importance of the abiotic setting to restricted spatial extents. Topographic variability apparently produced favorable sites that facilitated opportunistic establishment with increasing upslope distance from the forest line, thereby enabling additional trees to invade the alpine tundra.