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91.
Andreas Kicherer Stefan Schaltegger Heinrich Tschochohei Beatriz Ferreira Pozo 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(7):537-543
Goal, Scope and Background The eco-efficiency analysis and portfolio is a powerful decision support tool for various strategic and marketing issues.
Since its original academic development, the approach has been refined during the last decade and applied to a multitude of
projects. BASF, as possibly the most prominent company using and developing this tool, has applied the eco-efficiency approach
to more than 300 projects in the last 7 years. One of the greatest difficulties is to cover both dimensions of eco-efficiency
(costs or value added and environmental impact) in a comparable manner. This is particularly a challenge for the eco-efficiency
analyses of products.
Methods In this publication, an important approach and field of application dealing with product decisions based on the combination
of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is described in detail. Special emphasis is put on the quantitative
assessment of the relation of costs and environmental impacts. In conventional LCA an assessment of environmental impact categories
is often made by normalization with inhabitant equivalents. This is necessary to be able to compare the different environmental
impact categories, because of each different unit. For the proposed eco-efficiency analysis, the costs of products or processes
are also normalized with adapted gross domestic product figures.
Results and Discussion The ratio between normalized environmental impact categories and normalized costs (RE,C) is used for the graphical presentation of the results in an eco-efficiency portfolio. For the interpretation of the results
of an eco-efficiency analysis, it is important to distinguish ratios RE,C which are higher than one from ratios lower than one. In the first case, the environmental impact is higher than the cost
impact, while the inverse is true in the second case. This is very important for defining which kind of improvement is needed
and defining strategic management decisions. The paper shows a statistical evaluation of the RE,C factor based on the results of different eco-efficiency analyses made by BASF. For industries based on large material flows
(e.g. chemicals, steel, metals, agriculture), the RE,C factor is typically higher than one.
Conclusions and Recommendations This contribution shows that LCC and LCA may be combined in a way that they mirror the concept of eco-efficiency. LCAs that
do not consider LCC may be of very limited use for company management. For that very reason, corporations should install a
data management system that ensures equal information on both sides of the eco-efficiency coin. 相似文献
92.
Life cycle assessment of a multi-material car component 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Catarina Ribeiro José V. Ferreira Paulo Partidário 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(5):336-345
Background, Aims and Scope In recent years, the automotive industry has been experiencing an increasing concern with environmental requirements. A particular
focus is being given to light-weighting of cars, to reducing fuel consumption and to the use of different recycling materials.
Consequently, decisions on product design and development must involve economic and technological as well as environmental
considerations. In adequate conditions, the LCA methodology enables one to assist an effective integration of the environmental
considerations in the decision-making process [1]. In this paper, a multi-material car component which is part of the current
automotive brake system, has been modified by its original manufacturer. Such a modification included the use of a new multi-material
injection moulding process and the consumption of recyclable materials. The new and the current component were comparatively
assessed throughout their life cycles in order to evaluate their respective environmental impacts and, thus, to verify if
the new component offers a lower environmental load. The results described in this paper are part of the outcome of a broader
research project involving industrial companies, university, technological centres and research institutes based in Portugal,
Spain and Germany.
Main Features The car component under focus has four subcomponents whose base materials consist of steel and plastic. The LCA methodology
is used to evaluate two scenarios describing the new car component, on the one hand, and the reference scenario, which consists
of the existing car component, on the other. The former results from the selection of new subcomponents materials, aiming
to use a new production process together with a recycling strategy.
Results and Discussion The inventory analysis shows a lower energy consumption in the alternative scenario (4.2 MJ) compared to the reference scenario
(6.1 MJ). Most of that energy is still non-renewable, relating in particular to crude consumption in the car use phase and
in the production phase (transports and plastics production). The life cycle inventory analysis indicates also that the alternative
scenario has lower air emissions of CO2, CO, NOx, SOx, NM VOC and PM10, as well as lower solid wastes and water emissions of oils and BOD5. Otherwise, the water emissions of undissolved
substances and COD are higher for the alternative scenario. Most of the energy consumed and the air pollutants inventoried
occur as a consequence of the use phase. Otherwise, for most of the life cycle water emissions inventoried and solid wastes,
the production phase is the major contributor. The impact assessment, performed with the CML method, allows one to conclude
that the alternative scenario exhibits lower results in all the impact categories. Both scenarios have similar environmental
profiles, being: (i) the use phase, the major contributor for the abiotic depletion, global warming, photochemical oxidation,
acidification and eutrophication; and (ii) the production phase, the main contributor for ozone depletion, human toxicity,
fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity. The sensitivity analysis, with respect
to the fuel consumption reduction value, the impact assessment method and the final disposal scenario, performed in this study
allows one to confirm, as a main conclusion, that the alternative scenario is environmentally preferable to the reference
scenario.
Conclusion The results obtained through the application of the LCA methodology enable one to conclude that the alternative component
has a lower environmental load than the reference component.
Recommendations and Perspectives Considering that the time required for the inventory data collection is a critical issue in LCA practise, the insights provided
by this particular case study are likely to be useful to product developers in the car component manufacturing industry, particularly
to brake system manufacturers supporting the environmental design within the sector. 相似文献
93.
94.
This study aims to assess the environmental impacts of canned sardines in olive oil, by considering fishing, processing, and packaging, using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The case study concerns a product of a canning factory based in Portugal and packed in aluminum cans. It is the first LCA of a processed seafood product made with the traditional canning method. The production of both cans and olive oil are the most important process in the considered impact categories. The production of olives contributes to the high environmental load of olive oil, related to cultivation and harvesting phases. The production of aluminum cans is the most significant process for all impact categories, except ozone depletion potential and eutrophication potential, resulting from the high energy demand and the extraction of raw materials. To compare to other sardine products consumed in Portugal, such as frozen and fresh sardines, transport to the wholesaler and store was added. The environmental cost of canned sardines is almost seven times higher per kilogram of edible product. The main action to optimize the environmental performance of canned sardines is therefore to replace the packaging and diminish the olive oil losses as much as possible. Greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by half when plastic packaging is considered rather than aluminum. Frozen and fresh sardines represent much lower environmental impacts than canned sardines. Nevertheless, when other sardine products are not possible, it becomes feasible to use sardines for human consumption, preventing them from being wasted or used suboptimally as feed. 相似文献
95.
Kieren Mayers Jonathan Koomey Rebecca Hall Maria Bauer Chris France Amanda Webb 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2015,19(3):402-415
This research investigates the carbon footprint of the lifecycle of console games, using the example of PlayStation®3 distribution in the UK. We estimate total carbon equivalent emissions for an average 8.8‐gigabyte (GB) game based on data for 2010. The bulk of emissions are accounted for by game play, followed by production and distribution. Two delivery scenarios are compared: The first examines Blu‐ray discs (BDs) delivered by retail stores, and the second, games files downloaded over broadband Internet. Contrary to findings in previous research on music distribution, distribution of games by physical BDs results in lower greenhouse gas emissions than by Internet download. The estimated carbon emissions from downloading only fall definitively below that of BDs for games smaller than 1.3 GB. Sensitivity analysis indicates that as average game file sizes increase, and the energy intensity of the Internet falls, the file size at which BDs would result in lower emissions than downloads could shift either up‐ or downward over the next few years. Overall, the results appear to be broadly applicable to title games within the European Union (EU), and for larger‐than‐average sized games in the United States. Further research would be needed to confirm whether similar findings would apply in future years with changes in game size and Internet efficiency. The study findings serve to illustrate why it is not always true that digital distribution of media will have lower carbon emissions than distribution by physical means when file sizes are large. 相似文献
96.
An Approach to Integrating Occupational Safety and Health into Life Cycle Assessment: Development and Application of Work Environment Characterization Factors
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Kelly A. Scanlon Shannon M. Lloyd George M. Gray Royce A. Francis Peter LaPuma 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2015,19(1):27-37
Integrating occupational safety and health (OSH) into life cycle assessment (LCA) may provide decision makers with insights and opportunities to prevent burden shifting of human health impacts between the nonwork environment and the work environment. We propose an integration approach that uses industry‐level work environment characterization factors (WE‐CFs) to convert industry activity into damage to human health attributable to the work environment, assessed as disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs). WE‐CFs are ratios of work‐related fatal and nonfatal injuries and illnesses occurring in the U.S. worker population to the amount of physical output from U.S. industries; they represent workplace hazards and exposures and are compatible with the life cycle inventory (LCI) structure common to process‐based LCA. A proof of concept demonstrates application of the WE‐CFs in an LCA of municipal solid waste landfill and incineration systems. Results from the proof of concept indicate that estimates of DALYs attributable to the work environment are comparable in magnitude to DALYs attributable to environmental emissions. Construction and infrastructure‐related work processes contributed the most to the work environment DALYs. A sensitivity analysis revealed that uncertainty in the physical output from industries had the most effect on the WE‐CFs. The results encourage implementation of WE‐CFs in future LCA studies, additional refinement of LCI processes to accurately capture industry outputs, and inclusion of infrastructure‐related processes in LCAs that evaluate OSH impacts. 相似文献
97.
A life cycle assessment has been completed of potential biogas infrastructures on a regional scale. Centralised and distributed infrastructures were considered along with biogas end uses of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and injection to the gas grid for either transport fuel or domestic heating end uses. Damage orientated (endpoint) life cycle impact assessment method identified that CHP with 80% heat utilisation had the least environmental impact, followed by transport fuel use. Utilisation for domestic heating purposes via the gas grid was found to perform less well. A 32% difference in transportation requirement between the centralised and distributed infrastructures was found to have a relatively small effect on the overall environmental impact. Global warming impacts were significantly affected by changes in methane emissions at upgrading stage, highlighting the importance of minimising operational losses. 相似文献
98.
A life cycle evaluation of wood pellet gasification for district heating in British Columbia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The replacement of natural gas combustion for district heating by wood waste and wood pellets gasification systems with or without emission control has been investigated by a streamlined LCA. While stack emissions from controlled gasification systems are lower than the applicable regulations, compared to the current base case, 12% and 133% increases are expected in the overall human health impacts for wood pellets and wood waste, respectively. With controlled gasification, external costs and GHG emission can be reduced by 35% and 82% on average, respectively. Between wood pellets and wood waste, wood pellets appear to be the better choice as it requires less primary energy and has a much lower impact on the local air quality. 相似文献
99.
Image analysis of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is a key step in proteomic workflow for identifying proteins that change under different experimental conditions. Since there are usually large amount of proteins and variations shown in the gel images, the use of software for analysis of 2D gel images is inevitable. We developed open-source software with graphical user interface for differential analysis of 2D gel images. The user-friendly software, RegStatGel, contains fully automated as well as interactive procedures. It was developed and has been tested under Matlab 7.01. AVAILABILITY: The database is available for free at http://www.mediafire.com/FengLi/2DGelsoftware. 相似文献
100.
黄剑女 《上海生物医学工程》2011,(1):61-62
介绍了医疗设备软件维修必须具备的知识,DSA机与培养仪软件维修实例。同时还介绍了医疗设备的调整的方法,用于排除故障的经验。 相似文献