盐碱胁迫对欧李叶片部分生理生化指标的影响

以盆栽欧李为试验材料,研究了轻度、中度和重度盐碱胁迫下其叶片部分生理生化指标的变化,探讨欧李植株的耐盐碱能力.结果表明:(1)欧李叶片的MDA含量在轻度和中度盐碱胁迫处理下与对照变化趋势相似,而在重度胁迫下从开始即以较快的速度增加;其叶片细胞膜透性在中度和重度胁迫下明显增大,而轻度胁迫对此基本没有影响.(2)欧李叶片可溶性糖含量随盐碱胁迫处理而明显改变,叶片脯氨酸含量随着盐碱胁迫程度的增强和处理时间的延长而增加;叶片的束缚水/自由水在轻度和中度胁迫处理下较大,而重度胁迫处理下则较小.(3)欧李叶片的叶绿素含量在各盐碱处理末期均显著下降,但其在处理的不同阶段反应不同;类胡萝卜素含量受盐碱胁迫影响较大,其在长期盐碱胁迫下显著下降,但其在胁迫较轻或胁迫时间较短条件下反而增加.研究发现,欧李植株可通过调节叶片可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量以及束缚水/自由水比值来提高其耐盐碱能力.     

高寒矮嵩草草甸植物类群对模拟降水和施氮的响应

 研究了青藏高原高寒矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）草甸植物类群对模拟夏季增减雨量、冬春增雪以及增施氮肥下的响应。结果表明：1999年模拟减少降雨20%～40%和增加雨量20%～40%下禾草类、杂类草和莎草类的综合优势比（SDR）和地上生物量变化均不显著。冬春增雪100%有利于禾草类夏季的生长,冬春增雪对植物类群的影响大于夏季雨量的增加。夏季增施氮150 kg·hm－2和增施氮300 kg·hm－2禾草类的盖度比、高度比、SDR和地上生物量明显增大,而杂类草的盖度比和高度比、SDR及地上生物量在施氮300 kg·hm－2下显著减低,在施氮150 kg·hm－2水平上禾草类的生物量的增加与杂类草生物量的降低存在相互补偿的作用机制。在水分资源不利的（如减少雨量）的干扰下,其敏感性表现为杂类草大于禾草类,莎草类最小。莎草类植物对各种处理下响应不敏感,也说明它对资源环境的波动有很强的适应性。缺水年（1999年）模拟增加雨量20%～40%的条件下,可缓解降水量减少的影响,相反模拟减少雨量20%～40%会增强干旱的影响程度。     

高寒矮嵩草草甸群落光合作用的“午休”现象

自然条件下,植物光合作用的日变化在全晴天多数表现为"午休"型。然而,长期以来,许多人认为在青藏高原的广大地区,植物的光合作用井不存在"午休"现象,并认为这是高原植物的光合生理特性（黄庆榴等1962,苏梯之和潘锦珊1981,张树源1988）。这到底是不是一种普遍现象？是高原独特自然环境条件决定的,还是高原植物本身具有的生理特性？为了进一步探讨这些问题,我们从1990年起,应用红外CO。分析技术在高寒矮嵩草草甸进行了群落光合作用气体代谢的研究,发现矮嵩草草甸的群落光合作用表现出一定程度的"午休",并对其形成机理进行了初步…     

矮嵩草草甸主要植物气孔分布及开闭规律与蒸腾强度的关系

本文研究了高寒矮嵩草草甸6种植物叶片气孔的分布、密度和开闭日变化规律与蒸腾强度的关系。结果表明：多数植物上下表皮均有气孔分布,而矮嵩草的气孔集中分布在下表皮,羊茅的气孔集中分布在上表皮。同一植物类群中,叶片气孔密度大者,植物蒸腾强度也相对较高。气孔日变化是在日出后,随气温和大气湿度的变化而变化,在9时和午后3时气孔几乎全部张开,然后逐渐关闭。植物蒸腾强度随气孔开闭而发生变化,矮嵩草的蒸腾强度在11时左右达到峰值;垂穗披碱草和美丽风毛菊是在午后1时达到峰值,植物没有“午睡” 现象。     

高山嵩草种群在放牧干扰下遗传多样性的变化

利用SRAP (Sequence-related amplified polymorphism)分子标记, 对放牧干扰下的高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)种群进行了遗传多样性研究, 获得了下述结果: 1) 20对SRAP引物组合共检测出448条清晰条带, 其中376条条带具有多态性, 多态位点百分率为83.93%, 随着放牧强度的增加, 高山嵩草种群多态位点百分数、Nei’s遗传多样性指数、Shannon信息指数均下降。2)高山嵩草种群具有较高的遗传多样性和较低的遗传分化(总的遗传多样性H_t为0.276 6, 种群内遗传多样性H_s为0.243 6, 遗传分化系数G_st为0.119 4, 基于G_st估计的基因流N_m^*为1.843 4), 但随着放牧强度的增加, G_st增加, N_m^*降低, 说明放牧限制了种群间的基因交流, 使种群发生遗传分化。3)不同放牧梯度的高山嵩草种群间的遗传距离很小, 但是随着放牧强度的增加, 种群间的遗传距离逐渐增加, 遗传一致度降低。根据遗传距离所构建的UPGMA聚类图中高山嵩草4个种群随着牧压的增加, 逐级聚在一起。     

Glycerolipid analysis during desiccation and recovery of the resurrection plant Xerophyta humilis (Bak) Dur and Schinz

Xerophyta humilis is a poikilochlorophyllous monocot resurrection plant used as a model to study vegetative desiccation tolerance. Dehydration imposes tension and ultimate loss of integrity of membranes in desiccation sensitive species. We investigated the predominant molecular species of glycerolipids present in root and leaf tissues, using multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry, and then analysed changes therein during dehydration and subsequent rehydration of whole plants. The presence of fatty acids with long carbon chains and with odd numbers of carbons were detected and confirmed by gas chromatography. Dehydration of both leaves and roots resulted in an increase in species containing polyunsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in disaturated species. Upon rehydration, lipid saturation was reversed, with this being initiated immediately upon watering in roots but only 12–24 hr later in leaves. Relative levels of species with short‐chained odd‐numbered saturated fatty acids decreased during dehydration and increased during rehydration, whereas the reverse trend was observed for long‐chained fatty acids. X. humilis has a unique lipid composition, this report being one of the few to demonstrate the presence of odd‐numbered fatty acids in plant phosphoglycerolipids.     

西藏嵩草ISSR-PCR反应体系优化研究

西藏嵩草( Kobresia tibetica )为莎草科嵩草属多年生草本,根状茎短,秆密集丛生。生于海拔2550~4950 m的河滩地、湿润草地、高山灌丛草甸,分布于甘肃、青海、四川西部、西藏东部,其根系发达,喜湿,耐寒,生活力强。西藏嵩草繁殖以营养繁殖为主、有性繁殖为辅,其茎叶茂盛,有较高的营养价值,产草量高,是青藏高原夏、秋两季的主要放牧饲草。该研究以青藏高原高寒沼泽化草甸的建群种和优势种———西藏嵩草为材料,对影响其ISSR-PCR反应的因素( Mg2＋、Taq DNA聚合酶、dNTP、引物和模板DNA)进行5因素4水平的正交试验,以确定西藏嵩草ISSR分析的最佳反应体系,并筛选适宜的ISSR引物及各引物的最佳退火温度。结果表明：建立了适宜于西藏嵩草ISSR-PCR反应的最佳体系为20μL反应液中包括10× PCR buffer 2μL、1.5 mmol?L-1 Mg2＋、1.0 U Taq DNA聚合酶、0.100 mmol?L-1 dNTP、0.3μmol?L-1引物和30~40 ng DNA模板;同时从100条ISSR引物中筛选出了扩增结果清晰、稳定的12条引物,各引物的最佳退火温度为48.0~53.2℃(引物不同,其最佳退火温度也不同);西藏嵩草ISSR-PCR适宜的扩增程序为首先预变性94℃5 min,然后变性94℃20 s、复性48.0~53.2℃1 min、延伸72℃80 s、38个循环,最后72℃延伸6 min。体系稳定性验证结果表明,该体系在西藏嵩草其他样品中所得条带清晰且多态性丰富,为后续西藏嵩草的遗传多样性分析和优良牧草种质资源筛选研究奠定了基础。该研究结果对以西藏嵩草为优势种的高寒沼泽化草甸研究及湿地生态系统的修复和保护具有重要意义。     

Leaf carbon management in slow-growing plants exposed to elevated CO2

Two slow‐growing plant species (Chamaerops humilis, L. and Cycas revoluta Thunb.) were exposed to elevated CO₂ conditions over a 20‐month period in order to study the CO₂ effect on growth, photosynthetic capacity and leaf carbon (C) management. The ambient isotopic ¹³C/¹²C composition (δ¹³C) of the greenhouse module corresponding to elevated CO₂ (800 μmol mol^?1 CO₂) conditions was changed from δ¹³C ca. ?12.8±0.3‰ to ca. ?19.2±0.2‰. Exposure of these plants to elevated CO₂ enhanced dry mass (DM) by 82% and 152% in Chamerops and Cycas, respectively, mainly as a consequence of increases in plant level photosynthetic rates. However, analyses of A–C_i curve parameters revealed that elevated CO₂ diminished leaf photosynthetic rates of Chamaerops whereas in Cycas, no photosynthetic acclimation was detected. The fact that Chamaerops plants had a lower DM increase, together with a longer leaf C residence time and a diminished capacity to respire recently fixed C, suggests that this species was unable to increase C sink strength. Furthermore, the consequent C source/sink imbalance in Chamaerops might have induced the downregulation of Rubisco. Cycas plants were capable of avoiding photosynthetic downregulation due to a greater ability to increase C sink strength, as was confirmed by DM values, and ¹²C‐enriched CO₂ labeling data. Cycas developed the ability to respire a larger proportion of recently fixed C and to reallocate the recently fixed C away from leaves to other plant tissues. These findings suggest that leaf C management is a key factor in the responsiveness of slow‐growing plants to future CO₂ scenarios.     

Stilbenoids of Kobresia nepalensis (Cyperaceae) exhibiting DNA topoisomerase II inhibition

Resveratrol oligomers, nepalensinol A, B and C, were isolated from the stem of Kobresia nepalensis (Cyperaceae). The structures were established on the basis of chemical properties and spectroscopic evidence including 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. Nepalensinol A, B and C showed a potent inhibitory effect on topoisomerase II - stronger than etoposide (VP-16), a topoisomerase II inhibitor used as an anti-cancer drug. Nepalensinol B, in particular, exhibited the most potent activity with an IC₅₀ of 0.02 μg/ml.     

Genetic variation and habitat conditions in Betula humilis Schrk. populations in Poland,Belarus and Latvia

A rapidly growing human population and the extirpation of numerous species make modern wetlands among the most threatened of ecosystems. One of the endangered wetland plants in central and eastern Europe is Betula humilis. B. humilis forms comparably abundant populations on both well-preserved and drained fens; thus, we aimed in this paper to investigate the relationships between habitat quality parameters (e.g. concentrations of calcium and magnesium, groundwater levels, pH and conductivity) and genetic diversity in 12 populations of B. humilis from Poland, Belarus and Latvia. For the purposes of this study, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene sequences and nuclear microsatellites were chosen as molecular markers. Analyses revealed that only the Ca²⁺ concentration was significantly negative relative to the observed heterozygosity of microsatellites, which suggests that calcium access is the only factor influencing genetic variation at B. humilis localities. No genetic differentiation was detected between populations occupying wet and dry habitats in different parts of the species range. A minimum spanning tree based on ADH gene haplotypes appears to confirm the B. humilis population history previously inferred from analyses of nuclear microsatellites and chloroplast markers.