Clonal structure and patterns of allozyme diversity in the rare endemic Cycladenia humilis var. jonesii (Apocynaceae)

The rare endemic Cycladenia humilis var. jonesii (Jones cycladenia) has low levels of sexual reproduction. Enzyme electrophoresis was used to explore possible causes of low seed set and high fruit abortion by assessing the clonal structure and genetic diversity in populations. The seven populations studied were composed of multiple, highly interdigitated clones; thus low fruit set is not likely to be due to a scarcity of mates. Genotype frequencies did not differ significantly from Hardy-Weinberg proportions, suggesting that populations are not highly inbred. Jones cycladenia exhibited high levels of genetic diversity at both the population level (A = 1.7; P = 37; He = 0.14) and the taxon level (A = 2.7; P = 60) in comparison to other plants. These data suggest that genetic drift is unlikely to have left this taxon genetically depauperate. Furthermore, we detected little divergence among geographically disjunct populations of Jones cycladenia (FST = 0.10). In comparison, Jones cycladenia populations were highly differentiated from a population of the taxon's close relative, C. h. var. humilis (mean genetic identity = 0.76). Our study suggests that other reasons for low fruit set in Jones cycladenia, such as resource or pollinator limitation, or genetic load, should be explored in future research.     

内蒙古欧李果肉和果仁中营养成分分析

对内蒙古欧李果肉及果仁中营养成分进行研究,结果表明,欧李中维生素、矿物质、蛋白质等营养成分丰富,其中VC的质量分数为590.1 mg.kg-1,远远高于苹果、草莓、葡萄、柑橘、西红柿等水果的VC含量;矿物质元素Ca质量分数在果肉中达428.1 mg.kg-1,是其它水果Ca含量的2~10倍;果仁中达3.743 g.kg-1,其含量与杏仁中相当;蛋白质含量丰富,氨基酸种类齐全,必需氨基酸在果肉和果仁中所占比例达氨基酸总量的1/3以上,为以后的研究开发利用提供了理论依据。     

Plant-microbe competition for soil amino acids in the alpine tundra: effects of freeze-thaw and dry-rewet events

Amino acids have been shown to be a potentially significant N source for the alpine sedge, Kobresia myosuroides. We hypothesised that freeze-thaw and dry-rewet events allow this plant species increased access to amino acids by disrupting microbial cells, which decreases the size of competing microbial populations, but increases soil amino acid concentrations. To test this hypothesis, we characterized freeze-thaw and dry-rewet events in the field and simulated them in laboratory experiments on plant-soil microcosms. In one experiment, ¹⁵N,¹³C-[2]-glycine was added to microcosms that had previously been subjected to a freeze-thaw or dry-rewet event, and isotopic concentrations in the plant and microbial fractions were compared to non-stressed controls. Microbial biomass and uptake of the labeled glycine were unaffected by the freezing and drying treatments, but microbial uptake of ¹⁵N was lower in the two warmer treatments (dry-rewet and summer control) then in the two colder treatments (freeze-thaw and fall control). Plant uptake of glycine-¹⁵N was decreased by climatic disturbance, and uptake in plants that had been frozen appeared to be dependent on the severity of the freeze. The fact that intact glycine was absorbed by the plants was confirmed by near equal enrichment of plant tissues in ¹³C and ¹⁵N. Plants under optimal conditions recovered 3.5% of the added ¹⁵N and microbes recovered 5.0%. The majority of the ¹³C and ¹⁵N label remained in a non-extractable fraction in the bulk soil. To better understand the isolated influences of environmental perturbations on soil amino acid pools and population sizes of amino-acid utilizing microbes, separate experiments were performed in which soils, alone, were subjected to drying and rewetting or freezing and thawing. Potential respiration of glycine and glutamate (substrate-induced respiration; SIR) by the soil microbial communities was unaffected by a single freeze-thaw event. Glycine SIR was decreased slightly (∼10%) by the most extreme drying treatment, but glutamate SIR was not significantly affected. Freezing lowered the concentration of water-extractable amino acids while drying increased their concentration. We interpret the surprising former result as either a decrease in proteolytic activity in frozen soils relative to amino acid uptake, or a stimulation in microbial uptake by physical nutrient release from the soil. We conclude that climatic disturbance does not provide opportunities for increased amino acid uptake by K. myosuroides, but that this plant competes well for amino acid N under non-stressed conditions, especially when soils are warm. We also note that this alpine tundra microbial community's high resistance to freeze-thaw and dry-rewet events is novel and contrasts with studies in other ecosystems. Received: 24 February 1997 / Accepted: 28 August 1997     

Ectomycorrhizal transfer of amino acid-nitrogen to the alpine sedge Kobresia myosuroides

Previous work in the Colorado alpine ecosystem has shown that amino acids are a potentially important N source for the sedge, Kobresia myosuroides . This plant is the only known sedge to harbour associations with ectomycorrhizal fungi. The aim of the present work was to test the hypothesis that these ectomycorrhizas transfer N from amino acids in the soil solution to the host plant, and thereby have an important role in the N nutrition of this species. We used a two-chamber system (rhizoboxes) in which K. myosuroides plants were separated from a soil chamber by nylon mesh that allowed fungal hyphae, but not plant roots, to cross it. Injections of [¹⁵N, 2-¹³C]glycine were made into the soil chamber. The hyphal crossings on half of the rhizoboxes were regularly disrupted to control for leakage of label across the barrier. Plants in the intact rhizoboxes showed significantly higher ¹⁵N enrichment than those in controls, and mycorrhizal root tips were significantly more enriched than bulk roots. The mycorrhizas transferred an average of 1.3% of the added ¹⁵N label to plants, a figure comparable to those obtained in previous studies in which plant roots were directly exposed to label. We conclude that fungal associations have an important role in the N nutrition of K. myosuroides by transferring N from amino acids to their hosts.     

嵩草属植物的胚胎学

对嵩草属（ Ｋｏｂｒｅｓｉａ） 植物进行了初步的胚胎学研究。该属植物具假四合花粉（ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｄ） ; 药室内壁在二核花粉时期开始螺旋状加厚, 花药表皮在花粉成熟时形成乳突; 成熟花粉具三细胞。胚珠为倒生型, 具厚珠心和双层珠被, 珠孔由内珠被构成, 珠柄的近基部向珠孔增生形成珠孔塞。胚囊的发育为蓼型, 四分体线形排列, 合点端大孢子发育成八核胚囊。受精后, 胚乳核先于受精卵进行分裂, 胚乳的发育为核型。胚的发育为柳叶菜型灯芯草变型。通过比较, 嵩草属植物大小孢子的发育、胚珠的结构、胚囊的发育、胚乳的发育和胚的发育与莎草科中其它类群一致。所以, 根据胚胎学资料, 嵩草属及其近缘属应保留在莎草科中,不该另立为嵩草科。     

模拟增温对青藏高原多年冻土区小嵩草和藏嵩草生长与抗氧化特征的影响

采用开顶式增温小室(OTCs)方法模拟气候变暖,分别选取青藏高原腹地风火山地区高寒小嵩草草甸和高寒藏嵩草沼泽草甸优势物种小嵩草和藏嵩草为研究对象,对比分析增温处理下两种优势物种叶片的形态与生理特征变化,从而探索高寒植物对气候变暖的内在响应机理.结果表明: 增温显著增加了小嵩草叶片长度(40.0%)和叶片数量(72.7%),也显著增加了藏嵩草株高(11.9%)和叶片长度(19.3%),促进了两种优势植物的形态生长和地上生物量增加.增温处理下小嵩草和藏嵩草叶片的膜透性(电导率),活性氧(过氧化氢和超氧阴离子自由基),超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性,丙二醛含量均没有显著变化.但抗坏血酸和游离脯氨酸含量在藏嵩草叶片内分别显著增加了29.8%和53.8%,而在小嵩草叶片内没有明显变化.可见,增温下小嵩草和藏嵩草均能够维持正常的抗氧化水平,以维持该区域优势植物生长;但藏嵩草生理过程对增温更加敏感.     

欧李自交不亲和S基因的克隆及序列分析

以6株欧李优选株系为实验材料,利用引物EM-PC2consFD和EM-PC3consRD对欧李进行S等位基因的专一性PCR扩增、克隆测序,获得了9个大小不同的序列,经BLAST分析确定为欧李的9个新S基因,分别命名为S1~S9,GenBank登录号依次为EF569602、EF569603、EF577404、EF577405、EF595836、EF595837、EF601047、EF653137、EF653138,并确定了6株欧李优选株系的S基因型。依据欧李的9个新S基因和李属其它S基因构建系统树,聚类结果显示李、杏、梅、欧李、扁桃及甜樱桃种间相互交叉,表明李属果树的S基因起源于共同的祖先;李、杏、梅、扁桃及甜樱桃应归为一个属,即李属;并初步探讨了欧李的分类地位。     

高寒矮嵩草草甸群落植物多样性和初级生产力对模拟降水的响应

通过野外控制实验,研究了高寒矮嵩草草甸群落植物多样性、初级生产力对模拟降雨条件的响应.结果表明: 1 在植物生长期 6月 ,增加降雨20%、增加降雨40%,植物群落物种多样性指数 H 和均匀度指数 J 分别比对照提高了0.188和0.011、0.735和0.076,生长期 7月 增加降雨20%物种H和J提高了0.409和0.07; 2 禾草类:增加降雨20%处理的地上生物量与对照相比没有明显的显著性差异 P>0.05 ,增加降雨40%处理的地上生物量与对照相比差异显著 P<0.05 ,说明过多增加降雨会抑制禾草的生长发育.杂类草:减少降雨50%处理的地上生物量与对照相比差异显著 P<0.05 ,其地上生物量对减少降雨的反映比较敏感.莎草类:其地上生物量对增加和减少降雨都没有显著变化; 3 0～10cm和0～30cm土层地下生物量均在增加降雨20%时最高,地下生物量的总量也在增加降雨20%时最高; 4 矮嵩草草甸地下生物量与地上生物量、总生物量的比值接近于生长季末时最大,且在模拟增加降雨20%的水平时,7、8、9月份地下和地上生物量较其它处理组高.     

中国顶丝藻科(Acrochaetiaceae)新记录Ⅴ

继续报道中国顶丝藻科新记录4个种;豪氏旋体藻Audouinella howei;矮生旋体藻A.humilis;斑点旋体藻A.macula;细枝旋体藻A.tenuissima。