Identification and confirmation of 3-hydroxy metabolite of ketoprofen in camels by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The metabolites of ketoprofen were investigated in five camels following intravenous administration of a dose of 2.0 mg/kg body weight. Two metabolites were identified. The first one was purified with thin-layer chromatography. It was identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in comparison with authenticated reference standard and was found to be hydroxyketoprofen due to reduction of the ketone group of ketoprofen. The second metabolite was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. It was identified with GC–MS and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as 3-hydroxybenzolketoprofen resulting from oxidation of the aromatic ring.     

NK13中(S)- 酮基布洛芬拆分用酯酶基因的克隆及表达

以本实验室筛选出的一株具有不对称拆分消旋酮基布洛芬氯乙酯的菌株NK13为材料,经初步鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium),通过构建其基因文库,从中筛选得到一阳性克隆重组子pUC-NK。测序分析表明,该重组子质粒中包含一长度为933bp的酯酶基因的完整开放阅读框,核苷酸同源性对比证明该酯酶基因属首次发现（GenBank登录号为DQ196347）,将此基因克隆到原核表达载体pET21b+中构建重组表达质粒pET-NKest,转化E.coli BL21,经IPTG诱导在宿主菌中得到表达,经SDS-PAGE电泳检测证明该酯酶蛋白分子量约为34KDa。薄层层析与HPLC检测结果显示,表达菌株的转化效率较原始菌有明显提高,由表达菌45min就能转化酮基布洛芬氯乙酯47.4％,而得到的(S)-酮基布洛芬过量（e.e.%）由野生菌NK13的5.84％提高到55.46％,提高将近10倍,说明该酯酶具有优先拆分得到(S)-酮基布洛芬的特性。     

Kinetic resolution of ketoprofen ester catalyzed by lipase from a mutant of CBS 5791

A biotransformation process was developed for the production of (S)-ketoprofen by enantioseletive hydrolysis of racemic ketoprofen ester using the mutant Trichosporon laibacchii strain CBS 5791. A satisfactory result was obtained, in which the E was 82.5, with an ee of 0.94 and a conversion of 0.47 under the optimum hydrolysis conditions [E is enantiomeric ratio, E=ln[1–X(1+ee)]/ln[1–X(1–ee)]; ee is enantiomeric excess, ee=(C_S–C_R)/(C_S+C_R): temperature of hydrolysis was 23°C]. The medium used in biotransformation was a mixture of growth broth and biotransformation broth at a ratio of 1:9, the concentration of Tween 80 was 15 g/l, the time of hydrolysis, 72 h. These results are promising for further scale-up. Tween 80 significantly improved lipase enantioselectivity and activity at the optimum concentration.     

Relation between structural and release properties in a polysaccharide gel system

The potential utility of kappa-carrageenan gels for preparing drug release devices is here shown. Structural properties of kappa-carrageenan gels prepared with different salt composition and containing Ketoprofen sodium salt, as model drug, have been evaluated with static light scattering and rheological measurements. These properties have been correlated with release profiles in vitro at pH 5.5. Release properties from gelled matrices have been compared with those obtained by two commercial products containing the same drug. Results show that: i) in this system it is possible to easily control the gel texture by using different cationic concentration; ii) the kinetics of drug release by kappa-carrageenan gels are dependent on the structural properties of matrices; iii) in the typical interval time used in classical local applications, all gel samples release the loaded drug almost completely, at difference with the commercial products. All these findings can provide useful suggestions for the realization of classical topical release systems.     

酮基布洛芬拆分用酯酶产生菌的筛选及其催化特性

从土壤中筛选获得一株可以高对映选择性水解酮基布洛芬乙酯的酵母KET4,经鉴定为芸苔丝孢酵母（Trichosporon brassicae）。研究了该菌的生长和产酶过程,考察了其静息细胞对酮基布洛芬乙酯水解的催化特性。用该菌催化酯水解时,转化率为41%时,产物的对映体过量值为91%,对映选择率达到45。     

有机相脂肪酶催化酮基各芬的立体选择性酯化

从５种脂肪酶中筛选出了具有较高催化活性和对映体选择性的脂肪酶Ｎｏｖｏｚｙｍ ４３５。进一步探讨了酶浓度、底物结构、底物浓度等因素对脂肪酶拆分酮基布洛芬（Ｋｅｔｏｐｒｏｆｅｎ）的影响。结果表明,以１０ｍＬ除水环己烷为反应介质,酶浓度为５ｍｇ／ｍＬ,Ｎｏｖｏｚｙｍ ４３５催化６．７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｋｅｔｏｐｒｏｆｅｎ与２６．８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ丙醇进行酯化反应,反应３０ｈ,转化率为６８％时,Ｓ－酮基布洛芬对映     

Synthesis of acylglucuronides of drugs using immobilized dog liver microsomes octadecylsilica particles coated with phospholipid

Immobilized dog liver microsome octadecylsilica (ODS) particles coated with phospholipid were developed for the synthesis of acylglucuronides of drugs. The phospholipid-coated ODS particles were readily prepared by stirring a solution containing L-alpha-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine with the ODS particles, in which the phospholipid was absorbed on the ODS surfaces by hydrophobic interaction between the acyl group of phospholipid and the otcadecyl group of the ODS particles. Similarly, the microsome-immobilized particles were readily prepared by stirring a buffer solution containing dog liver microsomes with the phospholipid-coated ODS particles, in which the microsomes were immobilized on the phospholipid-coated ODS particles by hydrophobic binding. The microsome-immobilized particles exhibited UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity which catalyzed the glucuronidation of ketoprofen and a nonpeptide endothelin receptor antagonist, S-1255 ([R]-[+]-2-[benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl]-6-isopropyl-4-[4-methoxyphenyl]-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid), to the corresponding acylglucuronide in the presence of uridine 5(')-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronic acid, and two acylglucuronides of ketoprofen and S-1255 were synthesized using the microsome-immobilized particles. These acylglucuronides were synthesized by simply shaking the microsome-immobilized particles adsorbed on the substrate in a buffer solution containing UDP-glucuronic acid with a thermostated mixer. The molecular weights and chemical structures of the synthesized acylglucuronides were identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, respectively. The productivity of S-1255 acylglucuronide using microsome-immobilized particles was approximately threefold higher than that observed with free microsomes, whereas the ketoprofen acylglucuronide productivity was slightly lower than that observed with free microsomes. The present method should be very useful for the synthesis of acylglucuronides of drugs, which are slightly soluble aqueous solutions in the drug development stage.     

Overexpression of Serratia marcescens lipase in Escherichia coli for efficient bioresolution of racemic ketoprofen

Lipase from Serratia marcescens ECU1010 was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli. After optimization, the maximum lipase activities reached 5000–6000 U/l and this recombinant lipase could enantioselectively hydrolyze (S)-ketoprofen esters into (S)-ketoprofen. Among six alkyl esters of racemic ketoprofen investigated, this lipase showed the best enantioselectivity for the kinetic resolution of ketoprofen ethyl ester, with an ee_p (enantiomeric excess of product) of 91.6% and E-value of 63 obtained at 48.2% conversion. Twelve nonionic surfactants were tested for enhancing the enantioselectivity of this lipase in the bioresolution of ketoprofen ethyl ester. A very high E-value of 1084 was achieved, with an optical purity of >99% ee_p and a yield of 42.6% in the presence of 3% Brij 92V. Further studies showed that the selectivity of the lipase was improved with the increase of Brij 92V concentration. The substrate (ketoprofen ethyl ester) does not inhibit the lipase activity, while the product (S)-ketoprofen inhibits the lipase activity to some extent. These results indicate that the S. marcescens lipase is very useful for biocatalytic production of chiral profens such as (S)-ketoprofen.     

Investigation of molecular dissolution mechanism of ketoprofen binary and ternary solid dispersions by molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract

The research aimed to investigate the molecular dissolution mechanism of both binary and ternary solid dispersions by molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results indicated that the drug molecules were much easier to be released from surfactant-containing ternary systems than from binary ones. Moreover, sodium dodecyl sulfate as an additive in ternary systems had better effects than Tween 60. The simulation results were in well agreement with the experimental results. This research presented a reasonable explanation of molecular dissolution mechanism for both binary and ternary solid dispersions, which may benefit the future development of solid dispersion formulations.     

Tissue extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ketoprofen enantiomers

Local transcutaneous delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs avoids gastrointestinal side effects and concentrates drugs in the intended tissues. An extraction and HPLC method was developed for ketoprofen in skin, fascia and muscle. Tissue samples were homogenized in NaHCO₃. After methylene chloride removal of lipids, the aqueous layer was acidified with HCl and back extracted into isooctane/isopropanol. Ketoprofen was derivatized with ethylchloroformate/S-(−)-α-phenylethylamine in triethylamine, then detected by HPLC. Ketoprofen recovery was linear (1–33 μg/g) and was detected in these tissues following in vivo cathodic iontophoresis (160 mA*min). This represents the first non-radioactive method for determination of ketoprofen in tissues following transcutaneous iontophoresis.