千烟洲红壤丘陵区人工针叶林土壤CH4排放通量

 CH₄在温室效应中起着重要作用,为估算中亚热带CH₄的源汇现状,评价森林生态系统对温室效应的影响,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了千烟洲红壤丘陵区人工针叶林的土壤CH₄ 排放通量特征及水热因子对其的影响。对2004年9月～2005年12月期间的观测结果分析表明 ：千烟洲人工针叶林土壤总体表现为大气CH₄的吸收汇,原状林地土壤(Forest soil)情况下,CH₄通量的变化为7.67～-67.17μg&;#8226;m^-2&;#8226;h^-1,平均为-15.53μg&;#8226;m^-2&;#8226;h^-1;无凋落物处理(Litter-free)情况下,CH₄通量的变化是9.31～-90.36 μg&;#8226;m^-2&;#8226;h^-1,平均为-16.53μg&;#8226;m^-2&;#8226;h^-1。 二者对土壤CH₄的吸收表现出明显的季节变化规律,秋>夏>冬>春,但无凋落物处理CH₄变化幅度较原状林地土壤大,无凋落物处理吸收高峰出现在10月,最低值出现在翌年3月,原状林地土壤则分别在9月和翌年2月,均提前1个月。对土壤CH₄吸收通量与温度和湿度的相关分析表明： 无论是原状林地土壤还是无凋落物处理情况下,土壤CH₄通量都与地下5 cm的温度和湿度相关性最高。偏相关分析反映了不同季节水热配置对土壤吸收CH₄通量的影响：冬季为12月～翌年2月,温度起主要作用;雨季3～6月,温度作用为主,随着温度的升高而升高,水分作用微弱;7～8月,CH₄吸收通量随着湿度的降低而增加,但高温限制了CH₄的吸收;秋季（9～11月）水热配置适宜,CH₄通量达到高峰值。总之,CH₄吸收通量随着温度的升高和 湿度的降低而增大,但温度过高会抑制其吸收。     

田林老山中山两类森林凋落物研究

田林老山中山两类森林凋落物研究梁宏温（广西农学院林学分院,南宁５３０００１）ＳｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｎｔｈｅＬｉｔｔｅｒｆａｌｌｏｆＴｗｏＦｏｒｅｓｔＴｙｐｃｓｉｎＭｉｄ—ＡｌｔｉｔｕｄｅｏｆＬａｏｓｈａｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｉｎＴｉａｎｌｉｎＣｏｕｎｔｙ．￥Ｌ...     

Effects of light,moisture, temperature,and litter on the regeneration of five tree species in the tropical montane wet forest of Puerto Rico

Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of light, moisture, temperature, and litter on the regeneration of two early-, one mid-, and two late-successional tropical tree species. High light and litter seem to be universally good cues for regeneration, increasing seed/seedling survival for all species except for Cecropia (an early-successional species) whose small seeds may not be able to penetrate the litter layer. In addition, the high temperature environment in both artificially shaded and nonshaded areas of a natural gap exhibits less seed loss, an increase in the percent and rate of germination, and an increase in seedling survival for Dacryodes (a late-successional species), than the lower temperature environment under an intact canopy. Low soil water is also a good cue for Dacryodes germination as it is for Prestoea and Cecropia. Finally, the lower temperature environment found under the forest canopy (compared to the natural gap) leads to less seed loss and more germination for Guarea (a mid-successional species). Our results suggest that a good patch for regeneration of many species in this forest, early- as well as late-successional species, would have high light and a litter layer that moderates temperature and moisture extremes. The substantial variation in suitability among regeneration filters and species could: (1) contribute to low establishment success, i.e., most dispersed propagules do not become trees, (2) make it difficult to group species into germination strategies, and (3) make it hard to generalize about a net effect of any specific environmental variable on establishment. We suggest that tropical disturbances should be viewed in terms of their impact on a variety of environmental cues, which may signal germination and impact subsequent growth and survival.     

七坪林场常绿阔叶林凋落物研究初报

凋落物即来自林冠的落叶、落枝和落花果等有机残体。既是林木自身的代谢产物,又是森林土壤养分的重要来源,在森林生态系统养分循环中发挥重要的作用。有关天然林凋落物的研究,国内已有一些     

不同功能区城市林业土壤黑碳含量及来源——以南京市为例

由于城市化过程中人为活动的影响,城市林业土壤的性质发生了很大变化。城市林业土壤黑碳由于来源的多样性和受到人为活动的影响,其分布表现出独特的特征。以南京市为对象,调查分析了不同功能区城市林业土壤黑碳的含量及可能来源。结果表明:不同功能区城市林业土壤黑碳含量差异很大,其变幅为0.77-21.27g/kg。道路绿化带土壤黑碳含量显著高于其它功能区,居民区含量最低。黑碳在土壤表层中含量均高于表下层,黑碳富集于土壤表层。道路绿化带表层土壤黑碳含量与有机碳含量的比值(BC/SOC)为0.55,土壤黑碳的碳同位素比值(δ¹³C_PDB)为-27.04‰,与其它功能区差异显著,城市交通污染对土壤黑碳积累产生强烈影响。     

高山森林林窗对凋落叶分解的影响

林窗对降水和光照等环境条件的再分配以及分解者群落的影响可能深刻作用于森林凋落物分解过程,但有关高山森林林窗大小对凋落物分解的影响尚无研究报道。采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了川西高山森林不同大小林窗对非生长季节和生长季节红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)凋落叶质量损失的影响。结果显示,经过1a的分解,不同生境下红桦和岷江冷杉凋落叶分别分解了27.25%—30.12%和27.04%—27.96%,其中非生长季节占53.83%—60.18%和50.23%—59.09%。林窗对红桦和岷江冷杉凋落叶质量损失的影响因物种不同而呈现季节差异。总体上,林窗加快了岷江冷杉凋落叶的分解而延缓了红桦凋落叶的分解。与郁闭林下相比,林窗显著增加了2种凋落叶非生长季节的质量损失速率,显著降低了生长季节2种凋落叶的质量损失速率;2种凋落叶质量损失速率在非生长季节随林窗面积增大而加快,在生长季节随林窗面积增大而减慢。林窗显著影响了初冻期、深冻期和融化期岷江冷杉凋落叶的质量损失率,但对红桦凋落叶质量损失率影响不显著。可见,高山森林凋落物分解过程受到林窗的显著影响,并且阔叶和针叶凋落叶在非生长季节和生长季节对林窗的响应具有明显差异。     

Disentangling relationships between habitat conditions, disturbance history, plant diversity, and American black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) invasion in a European temperate forest

Whether non-native plant invasions are causes, consequences, or independent of the low species diversity in recipient ecosystems remains a debated question. We tried to test these three hypotheses in the special case of the American black cherry ( Prunus serotina Ehrh.), a gap-dependent tree species, which is invading European temperate forests. We compared plant communities, soil properties, and disturbance history between P. serotina -invaded and uninvaded paired-stands in a managed mixed forest. Relationships between invasion, disturbances, plant communities, and environmental conditions were investigated using redundancy analyses with variation partitioning. Several soil characteristics differed between paired stands, but were rather components of stand invasibility than invasion effects, except for topsoil available phosphorus. The disturbance history was similar among paired stands except for the amount of storm-induced tree falls, which correlated with the invader's density. Wild boar-disturbed soil areas were more important beneath P. serotina canopies, suggesting a positive feedback on its own establishment. Overall, species assemblages in invaded and uninvaded stands were similar; their ecological inconsistency suggested a management-sustained non-equilibrium. Habitat conditions and disturbances explained most of the variation in both plant diversity and P. serotina density, the last two factors exhibiting a weak direct association. We conclude that in managed forest ecosystems where plant communities are mainly driven by non-interactive factors and immigration processes, non-native plant species can naturalize without being directly influenced by measured features of the plant community in the receiving environment on the short term.     

The greening and browning of Alaska based on 1982–2003 satellite data

Aim To examine the trends of 1982–2003 satellite‐derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values at several spatial scales within tundra and boreal forest areas of Alaska. Location Arctic and subarctic Alaska. Methods Annual maximum NDVI data from the twice monthly Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI 1982–2003 data set with 64‐km² pixels were extracted from a spatial hierarchy including three large regions: ecoregion polygons within regions, ecozone polygons within boreal ecoregions and 100‐km climate station buffers. The 1982–2003 trends of mean annual maximum NDVI values within each area, and within individual pixels, were computed using simple linear regression. The relationship between NDVI and temperature and precipitation was investigated within climate station buffers. Results At the largest spatial scale of polar, boreal and maritime regions, the strongest trend was a negative trend in NDVI within the boreal region. At a finer scale of ecoregion polygons, there was a strong positive NDVI trend in cold arctic tundra areas, and a strong negative trend in interior boreal forest areas. Within boreal ecozone polygons, the weakest negative trends were from areas with a maritime climate or colder mountainous ecozones, while the strongest negative trends were from warmer basin ecozones. The trends from climate station buffers were similar to ecoregion trends, with no significant trends from Bering tundra buffers, significant increasing trends among arctic tundra buffers and significant decreasing trends among interior boreal forest buffers. The interannual variability of NDVI among the arctic tundra buffers was related to the previous summer warmth index. The spatial pattern of increasing tundra NDVI at the pixel level was related to the west‐to‐east spatial pattern in changing climate across arctic Alaska. There was no significant relationship between interannual NDVI and precipitation or temperature among the boreal forest buffers. The decreasing NDVI trend in interior boreal forests may be due to several factors including increased insect/disease infestations, reduced photosynthesis and a change in root/leaf carbon allocation in response to warmer and drier growing season climate. Main conclusions There was a contrast in trends of 1982–2003 annual maximum NDVI, with cold arctic tundra significantly increasing in NDVI and relatively warm and dry interior boreal forest areas consistently decreasing in NDVI. The annual maximum NDVI from arctic tundra areas was strongly related to a summer warmth index, while there were no significant relationships in boreal areas between annual maximum NDVI and precipitation or temperature. Annual maximum NDVI was not related to spring NDVI in either arctic tundra or boreal buffers.     

Population structure of montane bamboo and causes of its decline in Echuya Central Forest Reserve, South West Uganda

Montane bamboo is of immense importance to the people living adjacent to Echuya Forest Reserve. It is used for building poles, bean-staking and basket weaving. The bamboo in Uganda occurs mostly in protected areas. Over the past 50 years, the bamboo forest cover has been declining. This study aimed at determining bamboo density and distribution and the possible causes of its decline within Echuya. We used exploratory inventories, bamboo assessment plots and village interviews to determine bamboo population structure and possible causes of its decline in Echuya. Bamboo forest decline in Echuya may be blamed on several factors that interplay together. Poor harvest methods especially during the clear cutting of bamboo for bean-stakes and stakes for house wefts seems to be the remote cause of the bamboo forest decline. Other causes for the bamboo forest decline are damages caused by insect borers and climber loads on the bamboo stems. The remote causes have been exacerbated by the invasion of secondary forest tree species such as Macaranga kilimandscharica that have slowly taken over areas previously occupied by the bamboo forest. Seventy per cent of the local people interviewed agree that over-harvesting of bamboo is the major reason for its decline.     

广西热带石灰岩季节雨林分类与排序

本文利用二歧指示种分析法TWINSPAN将广西热带石灰岩季节雨林的30个样地划分两大类共6个群落：洼地季节雨林(1)火焰花+萍婆群落; (2)海南风吹楠+人面果群落,石山季节雨林(1)东京桐+广西顶果豆群落; (2)假肥牛树+安南牡荆群落;(3)肥牛树群落; (4)肥牛树+蚬木群落。文章还利用无偏对应分析法DCA对群落进行了排序,指出由洼地至山坡水分条件由湿到干是影响群落变化的主导因素。环境的封闭程度对群落变化也有一定影响。