Microbotryum heliospermae, a new anther smut fungus parasitic on Heliosperma pusillum in the mountains of the European Alpine System

The members of the smut genus Microbotryum are pathogens of a wide range of host plant species from nine dicotyledonous families. Within the genus, the species sporulating in anthers of Caryophyllaceae form a monophyletic group that in recent years attracted much interest in various biological studies. The phylogenetic framework developed for species delimitation within Microbotryum revealed that high level host-specificity is a major feature of most caryophyllaceous anther smuts. However, the great number of anther smut specimens on diverse host plant species reported worldwide has still not been included in phylogenetic analyses due to the inaccessibility of recently collected specimens, and thus many species remain still undiscovered. In this study, anther smut specimens on Heliosperma pusillum originating from all main mountain ranges of the European Alpine System were examined using partial rDNA sequence and/or morphological analyses. The investigation revealed that all specimens are morphologically uniform and phylogenetically represent a monophyletic lineage, sister to Microbotryum lagerheimii complex on Atocion rupestre/Silene lacera/Silene vulgaris/Viscaria vulgaris. This lineage cannot be attributed to any of the previously described species, and therefore the smut in anthers of H. pusillum is described and illustrated here as a new species, Microbotryum heliospermae. The species is known from subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinaric Alps, and the Pyrenees, inhabiting host plants growing in open spring communities or semihumid mountain meadows.     

Impacts of cloud immersion on microclimate, photosynthesis and water relations of Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poiret in a temperate mountain cloud forest

The red spruce-Fraser fir ecosystem [Picea rubens Sarg.-Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] of the southern Appalachian mountains, USA, is a temperate zone cloud forest immersed in clouds for 30-40% of a typical summer day, and experiencing immersion on about 65% of all days annually. We compared the microclimate, photosynthetic gas exchange, and water relations of Fraser fir trees in open areas during cloud-immersed, low-cloud, or sunny periods. In contrast to sunny periods, cloud immersion reduced instantaneous sunlight irradiance by 10-50%, and midday atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was 85% lower. Needle surfaces were wet for up to 16 h per day during cloud-immersed days compared to <1 h for clear days. Shoot-level light-saturated photosynthesis (A (sat)) on both cloud-immersed (16.0 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) and low-cloud (17.9 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) days was greater than A (sat) on sunny days (14.4 micromol m(-2) s(-1)). Daily mean A was lowest on cloud-immersed days due to reduced sunlight levels, while leaf conductance (g) was significantly higher, with a mean value of 0.30 mol m(-2) s(-1). These g values were greater than commonly reported for conifer tree species with needle-like leaves, and declined exponentially with increasing leaf-to-air VPD. Daily mean transpiration (E) on immersed days was 43 and 20% lower compared to sunny and low-cloud days, respectively. As a result, daily mean water use efficiency (A/E) was lowest on cloud-immersed days due to light limitation of A, and high humidity resulted in greater uncoupling of A from g. Thus, substantial differences in photosynthetic CO2 uptake, and corresponding water relations, were strongly associated with cloud conditions that occur over substantial periods of the summer growth season.     

横断山脉地区青藏雪灵芝核形态学

对横断山脉地区青藏雪灵芝(Arenaria roborowskii)进行了核形态学研究。核型公式为2n=2x=22=22m,核型不对称性为1A型。间期核为复杂染色体型,前期染色体为中间型。     

Herbivory and climatic warming: a Mediterranean outbreaking caterpillar attacks a relict, boreal pine species

Climate change can harm many species by disrupting existing interactions or by favouring new ones. This study analyses the foreseeable consequences of climatic warming in the distribution and dynamics of a Mediterranean pest that causes severe defoliation, the pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa, and the effects upon the relict Andalusian Scots pine Pinus sylvestris nevadensis in the Sierra Nevada mountains (southeastern Spain). We correlated a set of regional data of infestation by T. pityocampa upon Scots pine, from a broad ecological gradient, with climatic data for the period 1991–2001, characterized by alternating warm and cold winters. Defoliation intensity shows a significant association with previous warm winters, implying that climatic warming will intensify the interaction between the pest and the Scots pine. The homogeneous structure of the afforested pine woodlands favours the outbreak capacity of the newcomer, promoting this new interaction between a Mediterranean caterpillar pest and a boreal tree at its southern distribution limit.     

西藏色季拉山种子植物垂直带谱的划分与分布特点研究

将色季拉山种子植物分布划分为山地暖温带针阔混交林带、山地温带针叶林带、亚高山寒温带针叶林带、高山寒带疏林、灌丛、草甸带和高山荒漠带。在上述基础上 ,分析了各带谱的区系组成、性质和特有种分布特点。     

小相岭大熊栖息地干扰调查

强烈的人类干扰是大熊猫濒危的主要原因。本于2001年6～7月对四川省小相岭大熊猫栖息地内竹子开花、火灾、滑坡3种自然干扰类型和采伐、放牧、采药、公路、偷猎、割竹采笋、耕作、开矿和旅游9种人类干扰类型进行了调查。调查样方878个,干扰发生在海拔1800～4000m。结果表明：自然干扰都不严重,干扰比例最高的竹子开花,也仅占1．14％。采伐、放牧、采药和公路是主要人类干扰类型,分别占调查总样方的34．9％,26．3％,5．1％和4．2％。干扰最严重的地段是海拔3000～3499m,采伐样方的49．67％,放牧样方的47．19％,采药样方的31．11％均发生在该段,同时有48．89％的大熊猫活动痕迹样方也在该海拔。近年来,由于国家实施“天然林保护工程”,采伐已不再是主要干扰,而放牧、采药和偷猎等活动在短时间内仍不会减少。     

金佛山自然保护区种子植物区系初步研究

根据新近调查资料及对历史文献资料的查阅,整理出重庆市金佛山地区种子植物区系资料。到目前为止,金佛山共分布有种子植物183科1256属4 764种,其中野生植物达160科(其中裸子植物7科,被子植物153科)1111属4093种。野生植物中单种科17个,少型科(2～5种)33个,多种科(6～50种)87个,大科(51～100种)14个,特大科(101种以上)9个,分别占金佛山野生种子植物总科数的10．625％、20．625％、54．375％、8．75％和5．625％;种子植物科的区系成分以热带成分最多,达72科,占金佛山种子植物总科数的45．00％,其次为温带和世界分布型,分别为41科和33科,分别占25．625％和20．625％,特有成分仅17科(统计分析数据以14科计),其中东亚特有科13科,中国特有科4科。属的区系成分按世界分布、热带分布、温带分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布五种成分分别为73属、483属、332属、174属和49属,分别占金佛山种子植物总属数的6．57％、43．48％、29．88％、15．66％和4．41％。金佛山种子植物科的区系成分具备了全国种子植物区系15个分布类型及31变型的10型及10变型,属的区系成分具备14型及24变型。本文还就金佛山与邻近的神农架和壶瓶山等进行了比较分析,总体结论为金佛山在种子植物分布区类型及物种分布数量上都较为丰富,证明了金佛山地区为我国亚热带植物的自然分化和分布中心之一的观点。     

南岭山地1968到2015年降雨的时空变化特征研究

南岭山地位于广东、广西、湖南、江西、福建五省的交界处, 是我国南方重要的生态屏障带。认识南岭地区降水的时空分布特征, 对于深入了解南岭山地生态屏障作用及气候变化条件下该区域的降水规律意义重大。利用1968—2015年中国南岭区域14个气象站的逐月降水资料, 主要采用Mann-Kendall统计检验法、聚类分析法、小波分析方法和Kriging插值法, 研究了南岭地区48年内降水的时空分布特征。结果表明: ①南岭区域的多年平均雨量分布在1203.19 mm到2019.56 mm之间, 总体上来看, 南岭地区降雨量主要集中在南部, 自南向北呈减少趋势, 降水量随着经度增加而增加, 随纬度增加而减少, 且随海拔的升高而减少。②通过对14个站点的48 a降雨情况进行聚类分析可将南岭全区域划分为5个子区域, 全区域以及5个子区域春季、秋季的降水量呈下降趋势, 夏季和冬季呈上升趋势, 汛期大多表现出下降趋势, 非汛期大多呈上升趋势, 但除了南岭最西部的子区域的汛期降雨量表现出显著的下降趋势以外, 其余区域的各时间段降雨量趋势变化均不显著。③全区域和5个子区域的年均降雨量在48 a内没有发生显著的突变, 人类活动以及气候变化对于南岭地区的降水尚未造成非常明显的影响。④南岭地区降雨序列存在多个不同时间尺度的周期, 仅有2 a和13 a通过了85%的红噪声检验, 13 a周期所对应的小波方差峰值较2 a的峰值更高, 因此可将13 a作为南岭地区降雨量变化的主周期。研究结果可为南岭地区的农业、林业、旅游业发展决策和生态屏障作用评价提供参考依据。     

长白山区的药用植物资源及其开发利用

本文对吉林省长白山区的药用植物资进行了调查研究,为合理开发利用这一资源提供了原始材料和参考意见。