我国苏云金杆菌研究60年

综述了我国近60年来的苏云金杆菌研究进展,包括资源收集及分类鉴定、Bt新基因的发掘及组学研究、病理学与作用机制、毒力测定、产品标准化、产业化,并就Bt生物农药存在的问题及改善途径进行了探讨。     

我国禽流感研究进展及成就

禽流感不仅严重危害养禽业,而且给公共卫生造成巨大威胁。为了科学认识和积极防控禽流感,我国科学家进行了大量且富有成效的研究,取得了举世瞩目的成果。通过长期的监测,基本掌握了禽流感在我国的流行情况和进化规律;利用反向遗传操作技术和蛋白质组学技术,发现了影响流感病毒致病力、传播力和受体结合能力的部分关键位点,阐释了其作用机制;通过对传统技术的改进和先进方法的应用,不断成功建立禽流感诊断、检测技术;新型禽流感疫苗不断涌现并逐步被推广和应用,取得了良好的免疫效果。上述成果为我国禽流感的防控奠定了良好的基础,也为后续研究提供了依据。但是禽流感的防控形势依然严峻,2013年新型H7N9病毒的出现,使禽流感的防控面临新的挑战。     

肠道菌群与疾病关系的研究进展

人类肠道是一个多元化和充满活力的微生态系统,它的结构和功能成为目前生命科学和医学的研究热点。人类肠道拥有100万亿近1 000-1 150种细菌,在这个空间中它们与人类相互作用,对人类健康产生了巨大影响,其中有积极的作用,同时又伴随着潜在的威胁。本文详细论述了国内外关于肠道菌群与疾病关系的研究现状,益生菌对肠道菌群和健康的影响,以及研究肠道菌群的最新方法,为我国开展肠道微生物的研究提供部分参考,同时让人们更加了解肠道微生物对人类健康的影响。     

微生物学模块式自设计研究性实验的构建与教学实践

为了以低成本、低课时、高个性化方式让低年级学生既能学习基本实验技术,又都有机会参与研究性实验,构思了以基本实验技术为依托的微生物学模块式自设计研究性实验,即教师以模块式专题形式提出系列实验项目,学生自主选择题目、思考和设计、实施操作、分析结果而教师恰当指导的实验教学方式,并将其在3年4轮的微生物学实验教学中应用。详细叙述了模块式自设计研究性实验设计思路和实施方法及实施中学生和教师的行为与表现,并分析了从3个班级收回的包含34个问题的实验教学效果调查问卷,深入探讨了该方法存在的不足和改进方法。教学实践表明,这种教学方法不会导致教师数量、实验成本、学时数的显著增加,对于较大规模学生的研究性实验具有较强的实用性和可行性;144份学生反馈问卷中每个问题平均得分均在4分以上(满分5分),表明有利于提高学生的多方面素质,使学生受到基本的科学研究素质和能力的初步训练;88%-96%的学生认为它是有效的教学方式;研究性实验的形式、学生主动性、实验方案设计的科学性、实验结果分析和讨论等方面还有待完善。     

兴安落叶松叶碳利用效率对环境变化的适应

兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)作为北方森林的主要组成树种,具有广阔的分布范围和多样的生长环境,是研究树木对环境变化响应的理想树种。叶碳利用效率(CUE_L)不仅与树木的碳代谢及生长发育密切相关,而且能反映树木对环境变化的响应与适应。将来自不同地区(即环境条件)的6个兴安落叶松种源的种子播种培育在帽儿山森林生态系统研究站内,在其生长30a后采用研究站和种子来源地间干燥度(AI)的差值(ΔAI)来代表环境变化梯度,研究环境变化对CUE_L的影响。结果表明:CUE_L在不同环境变化梯度间存在显著差异(P0.05),且呈现随ΔAI的增大而减小的趋势。CUE_L与叶片氮含量、叶片磷含量、比叶重及叶绿素含量等均呈线性正相关关系,但较大ΔAI梯度下的CUE_L敏感性更高。CUE_L与种子来源地平均年降水量呈显著线性正相关关系(P=0.05),而与种子来源地AI则呈显著线性负相关关系(P0.01);随种子来源地年平均气温、平均年蒸发量的增加而下降,但其相关性不显著。以上结果表明,环境变化使兴安落叶松CUE_L产生了适应性变异,表现出树木对原生长环境的生态适应。     

沙门氏菌荧光实时定量PCR检测试剂的研制及应用

荧光实时定量PCR技术是近年来广泛应用于沙门氏菌快速检测的现代方法之一,本研究建立了检测沙门氏菌快速、敏感、特异以及准确定量的FQ-PCR方法。采用沙门氏菌fimY基因序列,设计特异引物和探针,通过对Taq酶、Mg2 和引物探针浓度等反应体系和条件的优化,然后进行特异性和适用性实验。最优化结果为:Taq酶用量2.5U;Mg2 浓度为3.75×10-3mol/L;引物浓度为0.65×10-6mol/L,探针浓度为0.30×10-6mol/L;循环条件为step1:95℃2min,step2:95℃5s,60℃40s,40cycles。结果表明该FQ-PCR检测试剂具有快速、简单、灵敏度高、特异性强和适用范围广等优点,可应用于食品卫生监管、商品检验检疫以及临床诊断等领域。     

土壤有机磷研究进展

土壤有机磷在农业生态系统的物质循环过程中具有重要作用．研究土壤有机磷,对深入了解土壤-植物系统中磷的营养循环特征具有重要意义．结合国内外已有成果和最新研究进展,从土壤有机磷含量及其影响因素、土壤有机磷的形态和测定方法、土壤有机磷的分组和施肥的影响、土壤有机磷的矿化等几个方面综述了国内外土壤有机磷的研究现状,并提出了目前在土壤有机磷研究中存在的一些问题以及今后研究的热点．     

NUCEL (Cell and Molecular Therapy Center): A Multidisciplinary Center for Translational Research in Brazil

Social and economical development is closely associated with technological innovation and a well-developed biotechnological industry. In the last few years, Brazil’s scientific production has been steadily increasing; however, the number of patents is lagging behind, with technological and translational research requiring governmental incentive and reinforcement. The Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL) was created to develop activities in the translational research field, addressing concrete problems found in biomedical and veterinary areas and actively searching for solutions by employing a genetic engineering approach to generate cell lines over-expressing recombinant proteins to be transferred to local biotech companies, aiming at furthering the development of a national competence for local production of biopharmaceuticals of widespread use and of life-saving importance. To this end, mammalian cell engineering technologies were used to generate cell lines over-expressing several different recombinant proteins of biomedical and biotechnological interest, namely, recombinant human Amylin/IAPP for diabetes treatment, human FVIII and FIX clotting factors for hemophilia, human and bovine FSH for fertility and reproduction, and human bone repair proteins (BMPs). Expression of some of these proteins is also being sought with the baculovirus/insect cell system (BEVS) which, in many cases, is able to deliver high-yield production of recombinant proteins with biological activity comparable to that of mammalian systems, but in a much more cost-effective manner. Transfer of some of these recombinant products to local Biotech companies has been pursued by taking advantage of the São Paulo State Foundation (FAPESP) and Federal Government (FINEP, CNPq) incentives for joint Research Development and Innovation partnership projects.     

Recognition of mitochondrial targeting sequences by the import receptors Tom20 and Tom22

The Tom20 and Tom22 receptor subunits of the TOM (translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane) complex recognize N-terminal presequences of proteins that are to be imported into the mitochondrion. In plants, Tom20 is C-terminally anchored in the mitochondrial membrane, whereas Tom20 is N-terminally anchored in animals and fungi. Furthermore, the cytosolic domain of Tom22 in plants is smaller than its animal/fungal counterpart and contains fewer acidic residues. Here, NMR spectroscopy was used to explore presequence interactions with the cytosolic regions of receptors from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae (i.e., AtTom20, AtTom22, and ScTom22). It was found that AtTom20 possesses a discontinuous bidentate hydrophobic binding site for presequences. The presequences on plant mitochondrial proteins comprise two or more hydrophobic binding regions to match this bidentate site. NMR data suggested that while these presequences bind to ScTom22, they do not bind to AtTom22. AtTom22, however, binds to AtTom20 at the same binding site as presequences, suggesting that this domain competes with the presequences of imported proteins, thereby enabling their progression along the import pathway.