黑果枸杞的黑色与白色浆果内含物含量比较分析

在2013~2015年青海省黑果枸杞资源调查中发现了白色浆果类型材料,该研究对白果和黑果在成熟后期——3个发育期(Ⅰ～Ⅲ)的果实表型以及使其浆果具有营养和药理价值的重要活性化合物进行了测定分析。结果表明：(1)黑果枸杞白色和黑色浆果的发育进程相近,果型一致,体积、质量差异不明显。(2)花青素在黑色浆果中于第Ⅱ时期含量最高(17.18 mg/g),而在白色浆果中的3个测定时期均极低,花青素的消失是果实颜色呈现白色的根本原因。(3)多酚、多糖和维生素E在黑、白色浆果中都存在,且均在成熟后期的Ⅱ、Ⅲ时期含量达到最高,但三者在各个时期白色浆果中的含量均显著低于黑色浆果。(4)在浆果中检测的17种矿质元素,其中在白色浆果中有10种元素(B、Ca、Li、Mg、Mn、Na、Si、K、Zn和Al)的含量较黑色浆果高。该研究为黑果枸杞品种选育、黑果枸杞白色果实营养价值的评判和其适应性研究奠定了基础。     

Plant Rabs and the role in fruit ripening

Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process that involves the synthesis and modification of the cell wall leading up to the formation of an edible fruit. During the period of fruit ripening, new cell wall polymers and enzymes are synthesized and trafficked to the apoplast. Vesicle trafficking has been shown to play a key role in facilitating the synthesis and modification of cell walls in fruits. Through reverse genetics and gene expression studies, the importance of Rab guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) as integral regulators of vesicle trafficking to the cell wall has been revealed. It has been a decade since a rich literature on the involvement of Rab GTPase in ripening was published. Therefore, this review sets out to summarize the progress in studies on the pivotal roles of Rab GTPases in fruit development and sheds light on new approaches that could be adopted in the fields of postharvest biology and fruit-ripening research.     

基于地理加权回归的渤海沙氏下鱵鱼仔稚鱼栖息地指数

为研究渤海鱼类资源早期补充过程,本文将地理加权回归法(GWR)引入栖息地指数(HSI)模型,选取海表温度、海表盐度、水深和叶绿素a浓度4个环境因子建立基于GWR的渤海沙氏下鱵鱼仔稚鱼的HSI_GWR模型.模拟发现:在2015年8月渤海的HSI_GWR模型中,海表温度和叶绿素a浓度为全局变量,两者的回归系数分别为-0.027和0.006,对HSI影响较小.海表盐度和水深为局地变量,两者回归系数绝对值的平均值分别为0.075和0.129,对HSI的影响较大.其中,海表盐度在渤海中部与HSI呈负相关,负相关系数最大,为-0.3,在三湾呈微弱正相关,相关系数最大值为0.1;水深在整个渤海均与HSI呈负相关,且在三湾的负相关程度明显大于渤海中部,三湾的负相关系数最大,为-0.16.该HSI_GWR模型的泊松相关系数为0.705,拟合效果较好,可为今后的鱼类栖息地环境研究提供一种新的方法.     

1株曲霉属真菌(Aspergillus sp.)固体发酵对金银花及叶的活性成分影响

木犀草苷具有很高的应用价值。为了提高金银花中木犀草苷的含量,利用从野生冬虫夏草周围环境中分离的1株曲霉属真菌GL625对金银花进行固体发酵,并分析测定金银花中主要活性成分木犀草苷等的变化。以大米-金银花、大米-金银花叶为底物进行固体发酵15 d后,将发酵产物用95%乙醇超声辅助提取。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析金银花发酵前后指纹图谱差异性与活性成分的含量变化,通过双层平板打孔法比较金银花发酵前后95%乙醇提取物的抑菌活性差异。结果表明,金银花固体发酵后绿原酸和芦丁分别降低了20.14、1.73 mg/g,而木犀草苷发酵后增加了4.76 mg/g;物质a、b的含量也显著上升,在HPLC图中Rt=17.5 min后吸收峰明显丰富;金银花叶在发酵后绿原酸、芦丁同样分别降低了11.74、0.99 mg/g,而木犀草苷增加了5.07 mg/g;并且金银花发酵产物的95%乙醇提取物抑菌活性明显强于未发酵以及对照组。结果说明,GL625是一株能转化金银花提高木犀草苷的曲霉属真菌,且物质a、b含量的显著上升增强了抑菌活性。     

Understanding biological and ecological factors affecting seed germination of the multipurpose tree Anogeissus leiocarpa

• Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae) has important economic and cultural value in West Africa as source of wood, dye and medicine. Although this tree is in high demand by local communities, its planting remains limited due to its very low propagation via seed.
• In this study, X‐rays were used to select filled fruits in order to characterise their morphology and seed germination responses to treatment with sulphuric acid and different incubation temperatures.
• Morphological observations highlighted a straight orthotropous seed structure. The increase in mass detected for both intact and scarified fruits through imbibition tests, as well as morphological observations of fruits soaked in methylene blue solution, confirmed that they are water‐permeable, although acid‐scarified fruits reached significantly higher mass increment values than intact ones. Acid scarification (10 min soaking in 98% H₂SO₄) positively affected seed germination rate but not final germination proportions. When intact fruits where incubated at a range of temperatures, no seeds germinated at 10 °C, while maximum seed germination (ca. 80%) was reached at 20 °C. T₅₀ values ranged from a minimum of ca. 12 days at 25 °C to a maximum of ca. 34 days at 15 and 35 °C. A theoretical base temperature for germination (T_b) of ca. 10 °C and a thermal requirement for 50% germination (S) of ca. 195 °Cd were also identified for intact fruits.
• The results of this study revealed the seed germination characteristics driven by fruit and seed morphology of this species, which will help in its wider propagation in plantations.

     

Florivory indirectly decreases the plant reproductive output through changes in pollinator attraction

Species often interact indirectly with each other via their traits. There is increasing appreciation of trait‐mediated indirect effects linking multiple interactions. Flowers interact with both pollinators and floral herbivores, and the flower‐pollinator interaction may be modified by indirect effects of floral herbivores (i.e., florivores) on flower traits such as flower size attracting pollinators. To explore whether flower size affects the flower‐pollinator interaction, we used Eurya japonica flowers. We examined whether artificial florivory decreased fruit and seed production, and also whether flower size affected florivory and the number of floral visitors. The petal removal treatment (i.e., artificial florivory) showed approximately 50% reduction in both fruit and seed set in natural pollination but not in artificial pollination. Furthermore, flower size increased the number of floral visitors, although it did not affect the frequency of florivory. Our results demonstrate that petal removal indirectly decreased 75% of female reproductive output via decreased flower visits by pollinators and that flower size mediated indirect interactions between florivory and floral visitors.     

革兰氏染色三步法与质量控制

革兰氏染色(Gram stain),是细菌学中一个经常使用和十分重要的方法,自从1884年微生物学家Gram氏发明著名的革兰氏染色法以后,100多年来虽然经过后来学者的几次改进,但都仍然沿用着Gram氏原来的四步法,基本原理也没有改变。最近Allen氏对Ziehl-Neelsen抗酸菌染色法的改进,是一个良好的启示,使我们开始了革兰氏染色三步法的研究并取得了成功。现将我们建立的革兰氏染色三步法与质量控制报告如下。 1 材料和方法 1.1 结晶紫染色液 甲液:结晶紫2g;95％乙醇20ml。 乙液:草酸铵0.8g;蒸馏水80ml。 甲乙二液先分别溶解,然后混合在一起,过滤除去残渣后装入滴瓶中备用。     

Water deficit, root demography, and the causes of internal blackening in field-grown tomatoes:(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

An internal blackening disorder may cause substantial losses in the value of tomatoes grown for processing. The disorder resembles an internal form of blossom-end rot and appears to be more common in dry seasons. In an experiment to test whether the internal blackening is caused by water deficit and whether it is indeed blossom-end rot, plots of cv. Cannery Row were irrigated to keep the soil moisture deficit <50 mm and others were sheltered from rain and not irrigated from early flowering onwards. Shoot growth (total and fruit dry mass) was measured destructively at intervals, and root growth and death nondestructively using minirhizotrons. There was a greater incidence of internal blackening and blossom-end rot, and lower Ca concentrations, in the fruit of non-irrigated plants. Root growth and root death were accelerated in these plants around the time that internally-blackened fruit were set. Although the internal blackening syndrome shared some features with blossom-end rot some differences were apparent in this experiment. It is suggested that internal blackening could have resulted from increased root competition for photosynthate, leading to abnormal seed development. Root turnover was appreciable (30–40% of the roots survived 28 days). This suggests there may be substantial errors in contemporary models of dry matter partitioning in tomato crops.     

Geographic population structure and sequence divergence in the mitochondrial DNA control region of the Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax), with reference to those of domestic pigs

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control regions from 40 Japanese wild boars were examined by direct sequencing after amplification by PCR. From the DNA sequences obtained, we found eight haplotypes, whose differences arose via transitions. The geographical distribution of these different haplotypes indicated that wild boar populations inhabited limited areas and that there was some restricted gene flow between local populations. Eight mtDNA haplotypes from Eastern and Western domestic pigs and the Ryukyu wild boar were also analyzed as references to those from Japanese wild boars. The cluster analyses of the control-region sequences showed that those from Japanese wild boards belong to the Asian type as do those from Eastern domestic pigs and the Ryukyu wild boar, which differed from the European type (Western domestic pigs).