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991.
Cultures of embryonic fibroblasts from Balb/c or CBA/J mice were given 12-h pulses of 14C-galactose, or were double-labelled with 3H-galactose and 35H-sulfate. The time course of the rates of labelling of glycosaminoglycans – galactose label was found in the uronic acid moiety – was studied in synchronously and asynchronously growing cultures. Partial synchrony was achieved by trypsinising quiescent, confluent cells and subsequent transfer of cells to new cultures with fresh medium. Synchrony was monitored by measurement of thymidine uptake in parallel cultures. The distribution of label in the hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate fractions from cells and culture media was determined at each time point. Peaks of DNA synthesis were accompanied by or followed 12 h later by a maximal rate of labelling with galactose of secreted glycosaminoglycans, and – with the exception of hyaluronic acid – also of cellular glycosaminoglycans. The rate of labelling with galactose of glycosphingolipids in parallel cultures followed a different time course. In double-label experiments the rates of labelling of glycosaminoglycan sulfates with 3H-galactose and 35S-sulfate did not go parallel. In older, quiescent cultures the labelling rate with galactose decreased while the sulfation rate increased. It is discussed that the labelling rate with galactose is indicative of the biosynthetic rate of the glycosaminoglycans. The conclusion is reached that glycosaminoglycans are preferentially synthesized and secreted after the S phase of the cell cycle. 相似文献
992.
A β-glucosidase which rapidly hydrolyses the cinnamyl alcohol glucosides coniferin and syringin has been purified from cell cultures, hypocotyls and roots of Glycine max. Isoelectric focusing in a column separated the enzyme from several other β-glucosidases which were inactive against either substrate. Syringin and coniferin were the best substrates tested. Both exhibited identical Vmax values, whereas the Km of coniferin (0.6 mM) was twice that of syringin (0.3 mM). The widely used synthetic substrates 4-nitrophenyl-β-glucoside and 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-β-glucoside were poorly utilized. Glucono-1,5-lactone was an effective competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 0.01 mM. From the observed-substráte specificity, a role in the lignification process of higher plants may be predicted for this β-glucosidase. 相似文献
993.
Linoleic acid predominated in every lipid class during the whole period of seed development of safflower, while linolenic acid decreased with increasing maturation and it was not detected in mature seeds. Just before the initiation of triacylglycerol accumulation, the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols changed more rapidly than those of phospholipids and glycolipids. Saturated fatty acids tended to accumulate at the 1- and 3-positions of the glycerol molecule and the more highly unsaturated acids at the 2-position. The fatty acid compositions at the 1- and 3-positions were similar in all cases investigated, but in none of the triacylglycerols was the distribution completely symmetrical. The positional distribution of linolenic acid in triacylglycerols prepared from the immature seeds 2 days after flowering and from the leaves was unusual; in spite of its highest degree of unsaturation, it was preferentially esterified at the 1- and 3-positions. When triacylglycerol was most rapidly accumulated (14–18 days after flowering), the incorporation of acetate-[U- 14C] into total lipids was also maximum and dienoic fatty acids were the principal acids labelled. Diacylglycerols and compound lipids reached the highest rate of synthesis 15 days after flowering, and then a maximum incorporation into triacylglycerol occurred 18 days after flowering. Incubation temperature affected the synthesis of individual lipid classes. Triacylglycerol was more rapidly synthesized at 32° than at 10°, while diacylglycerols and compound lipids were accumulated under the low-temperature condition. A rise of incubation temperature caused a depression in dienoic acid synthesis. 相似文献
994.
Potato cells grown in liquid culture incorporated mevalonic acid lactone-[2-14C] into free cytokinin (zeatin riboside and zeatin and the cytokinin of RNA (zeatin riboside). The cytokinin liberated by catabolism of RNA can account for no more than 40% of the free cytokinins. 相似文献
995.
The essential oils of certain Mentha species and chemotypes have proportions of (?)-menthone and (+)-isomenthone which differ but show a high degree of heritability in clonal propagation. Oil from an F2 individual (69–296), selected from numerous 4n M. longifolia (4n = 48) × M. crispa (2n = 48) hybrids for high isomenthone content, had 41.3% isomenthone; the associated but seldom observed alcohols, 1.6% isomenthol, 10.3% neoiso-menthol; and 13% of their esters; in contrast to 8% menthone with 0.1% menthol, 5.0% neo-menthol, and 1.7% esters. Self-pollination of strain 69–296 gave a 3:1 ratio of high isomenthone: high menthone. Crosses with a true breeding high menthone plant having 80% menthone and 3.2% isomenthone gave a 1:1 ratio of the parental phenotypes by GLC analyses and herbage odor. This and data from high isomenthone and high menthone crosses with tester strains lead us to postulate the involvement of a single locus having multiple alleles with true breeding menthone having the genotype Ps Ps, true breeding isomenthone Pr Pr, 69–296 Pr Ps, and high pulegone pp. The Pr allele is not completely dominant over the Ps allele in 69–296 as about 18% of the total ketone derived from pulegone is menthone. Both are dominant over the recessive allele p that largely prevents menthone development. The quantitative amounts of the two isomers are believed to be controlled by the six combinations of the three alleles in a diploid species with graded effects obtained in the more complex genotypes possible in double diploid and octoploid species. 69–296 has (?)-piperitone even though (+)-piperitone is believed to be the common isomer in Mentha. 相似文献
996.
Radioactivity from 4-(2′-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyrate-[2-14C] and 4-(2′-carboxyphenyl)- 4-oxobutyrate-[3-14C] was incorporated into C-3 and C-2 respectively of phylloquinone in maize shoots. These results show that this substrate is incorporated in the same asymmetric manner into phylloquinone as it is into the bacterial menaquinones. 相似文献
997.
In Euglena gracilis Z the biosynthesis of spermidine and spermine closely resembles the pathways occurring in mammalian tissues and in most microorganisms. l-Ornithine and not l-arginine, as is the case in most plants, is the main precursor of putrescine, and S-adenosylmethionine donates the propylamino moiety for the biosynthesis of spermidine and spermine. Cell-free extracts of Euglena synthesized sym-norspermidine and sym-norspermine from 1,3-diaminopropane and labelled S-adenosylmenthionine. The synthases for the biosynthesis of these two polyamines have a pH optimum of 7.6, like that of spermidine and spermine synthases. Ion exchange chromatography showed two peaks corresponding to the retention times of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and 1,3-diaminopropane, lower homologues of ornithine and putrescine, respectively. Experiments with dl-2,4-diaminobutyric acid-[4-14C] did not result in significant incorporation of the label into 1,3-diaminopropane. 相似文献
998.
R. Feyereisen G. Johnson J. Koener B. Stay S.S. Tobe 《Journal of insect physiology》1981,27(12):855-868
Adult mated females of the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata are moderately sensitive to precocenes. Oöcyte growth is inhibited and oviposition is delayed in insects topically treated with precocene II or precocene III. C16 juvenile hormone release by corpora allata of precocene-treated insects is markedly inhibited when compared to corpora allata of acetone-treated controls. Electron microscopy of the corpora allata reveals that precocene treatment results in a disorganisation of the intracellular organelles. Topically applied precocene II reaches a high concentration in the haemolymph (0.5 mM 2 hr after topical application of 250 μg). C16 juvenile hormone release by isolated corpora allata is inhibited by precocenes in vitro; half-maximal inhibition over a 3 hr period is obtained at 0.4 mM precocene II. In vitro inhibition of corpora allata by precocene II concentrations higher than 1 mM rapidly destroys the glands as evidenced by electron microscopy (total disintegration of cellular organelles) and by the virtual cessation of C16 juvenile hormone synthesis by the corpora allata. Inhibition of C16 juvenile hormone release by precocene is time-dependent and is not reversible over the short-term incubation in vitro. This inhibition does not appear to be related to the spontaneous activity of the glands in vitro, and it can be reduced by two epoxidase inhibitors. Precocenes are pro-allatocidins in this species: they are bioactivated within the corpora allata to cytotoxic epoxides. 相似文献
999.
Topical application of JHA to fifth instar nymphs of Oncopeltus fasciatus, immediately following ecdysis from the fourth instar, decreases the duration of the fifth instar by approximately 36 hr in addition to inducing a supernumerary larval moult. JHA appears to accelerate the time of subsequent ecdysis in two ways: first, the onset of ecdysone secretion is accelerated, and is accompanied by a similarly premature initiation of mitotic activity in epidermal cells. This is the classical prothoracicotropic action of JH. Second, the period between the onset of mitotic activity and the time of ecdysis itself is shortened. That is, once cellular activities associated with the moulting cycle are triggered by ecdysone, such activities are completed more rapidly in the presence of JHA. It appears that the larval-larval moult induced by JHA requires intrinsically less time to accomplish than a normal metamorphic moult. 相似文献
1000.
The addition of gibberellic acid and some other gibberellins to cultures of Gibberella fujikuroi suppresses the incorporation of [2-14C]MVA and 14C-labelled ent-kaurene into the gibberellin metabolises. 相似文献