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41.
PurposeThis study investigated the impact of lung density on the isolated lung tumor dose for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in an inline magnetic resonance linear accelerator (MR-Linac) using the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation.MethodsCT images of the thorax phantoms with lung tumors of 1, 2, and 3 cm diameters were converted into voxel-base phantoms with lung densities of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g/cm3, respectively. The dose distributions were calculated for partial-arc VMAT. The dose distributions were compared using dose differences, dose volume histograms, and dose volume indices.ResultsIn all cases, the inline magnetic field significantly enhanced the lung tumor dose compared to that at 0 T. For the 1 cm lung tumor, the inline magnetic field of 1 T increased the minimum dose of 95% of the Planning target volume (PTV D95) by 14.0% in 0.1 g/cm3 lung density as compared to that in 0.3 g/cm3 at 0 T. In contrast, at 0 and 0.5 T, the PTV D95 in 0.3 g/cm3 lung density was larger than that in lung density of 0.1 g/cm3. For the 2 cm lung tumor, a similar tendency to 1 cm was observed, whereas the dose impact of lung density was smaller than that for 1 cm. For the 3 cm lung tumor, the lung tumor dose was independent of lung density at 0.5 T and 1.0 T.ConclusionThe inline MR-Linac with the magnetic field over 1 T can enhance the PTV D95 for VMAT regardless of the lung density. 相似文献
42.
Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on hepatocytes isolated from immature rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by collagenase perfusion were investigated with respect to induction of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) enzyme activities and protein contents as well as DNA damage. Exposure of primary rainbow trout hepatocytes to TCDD resulted in increased CYP1A contents, as determined by immunoblotting, enhanced activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and increased DNA damage as determined by the comet assay. By means of electron microscopy, no symptoms of cytotoxicity could be observed except for slight increases of lysosomal components and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Whereas CYP1A contents constantly increased over the duration of the entire experiment, EROD activities remained constant from day 3 of exposure to 1 nM TCDD; maximum induction of CYP1A activities was reached with 0.1 nM TCDD after 5 days. DNA damage increased in a time- and dose-dependent fashion until day 3. After 5 days, DNA damage was less pronounced, and the number of damaged nuclei declined in all TCDD concentrations. Since TCDD has been shown to not directly react with DNA, metabolism of TCDD or TCDD-induced changes in other metabolic pathways are suspected to result in the production of DNA-reactive (endogenous) substances. 相似文献
43.
44.
Fertile rice plants have been regenerated from protoplasts of two japonica rice varieties (Radon and Baldo) using a protocol
initially developed for plant regeneration from protoplasts of an indica rice. Embryogenic calli were developed from immature
embryos of Radon and Baldo rice on a callus induction medium, and then used to establish cell suspensions. Protoplasts were
isolated from the cell suspensions, and cultured on a Millipore filter placed on a Kao/agarose medium that contained cell
clusters from suspensions of IR52 or IR45. The protoplasts grew vigorously on Kao medium and developed into embryogenic calli
within two to three weeks. Somatic embryo development occurred during a subsequent transfer of the calli to an LS medium for
two to three weeks. The calli were then transferred to MS or N6 plant regeneration medium, and within one to three weeks,
plants regenerated from 21 to 32% of the Radon calli, and 33 to 35% of the Baldo calli. Based upon these results and the previous
success in regenerating an indica variety from protoplasts, this procedure has great promise for regenerating a range of rice
varieties, and probably for regeneration of other monocotyledonous plants from protoplasts 相似文献
45.
46.
革胡子鲇上颌须离体标本味觉反应的测定 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本实验采用革胡子鲇离体上颌须-传入神经标本,记录传入神经电活动,测定了须部味蕾对动物组织浸提液、氨基酸、酸盐化合物等多种化学刺激的反应。发现某些物质有较强的刺激作用。另外,机械刺激也引起较强的反应。分析传入神经单纤维的记录结果,可将化学刺激引起的味觉反应分为3种单元类型:(1)对精氨酸特别敏感;(2)对柠檬酸和氯化胺有较强的反应;(3)对多种刺激都有一定的反应。实验表明,革胡子鲇的须部味蕾可能是一 相似文献
47.
48.
Joanna M. Kain 《欧洲藻类学杂志》2013,48(3):321-331
Monthly samples of about 40 separate plants of each species were collected from 1 to 3 m below lowest astronomical tide on Port Erin breakwater, Isle of Man, Irish Sea. In three species growing on rock, Plocamium cartilagineum, Cryptopleura ramosa and Callophyllis laciniata, about 90% of the plants were fertile in late summer but less than 10% in spring although some fertile plants were always present. Delesseria sanguinea and Odonthalia dentata, also epilithic, had a winter sporing season, Odonthalia extending into late spring, and all plants were sterile in summer. Three species growing epiphytically, Palmaria palmata, Membranoptera alata and Phycodrys rubens, reproduced maximally in the first half of the year at the time when the stipes of the host species, Laminaria hyperborea, grow fastest. Only Palmaria had a sterile season, late summer. The encrusting Cruoria pellita showed little seasonality. The first three species, which reproduce mainly when the sea temperature is above average, are in the northern part of their geographical range. The remaining species (apart from Cruoria) reproduce mainly at low temperatures and are in the southern half of their ranges. Male plants appear to be in a minority in all species, presumably because they were manifest for a shorter period than carposporic plants. They appeared first after sterile periods and were absent as sporing declined. Plocamium and to a lesser extent Cryptopleura show an extremely high preponderance of tetrasporophytes in the population. This is attributed to perennation and some factor disallowing the survival of most of the tetraspores. 相似文献
49.
Shikh?Dipakkore C.R.K.?ReddyEmail author Bhavanath?Jha 《Journal of applied phycology》2005,17(4):331-337
High yields of viable protoplasts were produced from Porphyra okhaensis H. Joshi, Oza & Tewari following two-step enzymatic digestion (protease pretreatment and cell wall polysaccharides-degrading enzyme treatment) of the thallus. Pretreatment of the tissues with 1% Protease P6 at 20± 1 °C for 30 min prior to digestion with cell wall polysaccharide-degrading enzymes increased the protoplast yield two fold compared to tissues that were digested with polysaccharide-degrading enzyme mixture. The polysaccharide-degrading enzymes employed for protoplast isolation from P. okhaensis were Cellulase Onozuka R-10, Macerozyme R-10, abalone acetone powder and agarase. Suitable pH, temperature and duration of enzyme treatment for optimal production of viable protoplasts were pH 6, 20± 1 °C and 3 h, respectively. Mannitol (0.8 M) was found to be an excellent osmotic stabilizer. When the tissue of P. okhaensis pretreated with 1% protease solution was digested with commercial enzyme mixture consisting of 2% Cellulase Onozuka R-10, 2% Macerozyme R-10, 1% abalone acetone powder, 50 units of agarase and 0.8 M mannitol in 1% NaCl (adjusted to pH 6.0 with 25 mM MES buffer) with gentle agitation for 3 h at 20± 1 °C, 23.2± 0.24× 106 protoplasts g−1 fresh wt. were obtained. The regeneration rate of protoplasts isolated in the present study was found to be 79%. Protoplasts that regenerated cell walls underwent regular cell divisions and developed into leafy gametophytic thallus in the laboratory cultures. Further, the seeding of nylon threads with partially developed protoplasts of P. okhaensis was successful in the laboratory conditions and germlings as long as 3–4 cm were obtained from such seeded threads in one month period in aerated cultures. 相似文献
50.
J.?B.?Kim J.?E.?M.?Bergervoet C.?J.?J.?M.?RaemakersEmail author E.?Jacobsen R.?G.?F.?Visser 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2005,41(4):505-510
Summary An efficient system for the regeneration of plants from protoplasts was developed in Alstroemeria. Friable embryogenic callus (FEC) proved to be the best source for protoplast isolation and culture when compared with leaf
tissue and compact embryogenic callus. Protoplast isolation was most efficient when FEC was cultured under vacuum for 5 min
in an enzyme solution consisting of 4% cellulase, 0.5% Driselase and 0.2% Macerozyme, followed by culture for 12–16h in the
dark at 24°C. Cell wall formation and colony formation were better in a liquid medium than on a semi-solid agarose medium.
Micro-calluses were formed after 4 wk of culture. Ninety percent of the micro-calluses developed into FEC after 12wk of culture
on proliferation medium. FEC cultures produced somatic embryos on a regeneration medium and half of these somatic embryos
developed shoots. Protoplast-derived plants showed more somaclonal variation than vegetatively propagated control plants. 相似文献