Neuroprotective effect of PEP-1-peroxiredoxin2 on CA1 regions in the hippocampus against ischemic insult

Background

Oxidative stress is a leading cause of various diseases, including ischemia and inflammation. Peroxiredoxin2 (PRX2) is one of six mammalian isoenzymes (PRX1–6) that can reduce hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols.

Methods

We produced PEP-1-PRX2 transduction domain (PTD)-fused protein and investigated the effect of PEP-1-PRX2 on oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Western blot, immunofluorescence microscopy, and immunohistochemical analysis.

Results

Our data showed that PEP-1-PRX2, which can effectively transduce into various types of cells and brain tissues, could be implicated in suppressing generation of reactive oxygen species, preventing depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and inhibiting the apoptosis pathway in H₂O₂-stimulated HT22, murine hippocampal neuronal cells, likely resulting in protection of HT22 cells against H₂O₂-induced toxicity. In addition, we found that in a transient forebrain ischemia model, PEP-1-PRX2 inhibited the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and lipid peroxidation and also prevented neuronal cell death against ischemic damage.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the transduced PEP-1-PRX2 has neuroprotective functions against oxidative stress-induced cell death in vitro and in vivo.

General significance

PEP-1-PRX2 could be a potential therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-induced brain diseases such as ischemia.     

糖尿病性下肢缺血性血管病的外科治疗

目的:探讨糖尿病性下肢缺血性血管病的治疗方法。方法:对24例Ⅰ型糖尿病患者合并下肢动脉缺血性疾病的39条肢体体进行了手术,其中动脉旁路手术31例,占79%。对3例患者进行了下肢截肢处理。结果:接受动脉旁路手术的患者出院时动脉血流均保持通畅。一例51岁男性患者四肢肿胀、变黑,经治疗无效死亡。结论:糖尿病性缺血性血管病可以通过外科手术治疗。如下肢远端动脉旁路移植、腔内血管成型术等。外科治疗的方法正在探讨阶段,研究方法不断进展。外科治疗不仅可以挽救肢体或降低截肢平面,而且可为足部创面的愈合提供较好的营养环境,有利于创面的愈合和提高生活质量。     

缺血性心肌病的多模态心血管影像学方法进展

近年来,超声(ultrasound, US)、CT冠状动脉造影(CT coronary angiography, CCTA)、血管内超声(intravenous ultrasound,IVUS)、光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography, OCT)、多层螺旋CT成像(multi-slice computed tomography, MSCT)、单光子发射计算机断层成像(single-photon emission computed tomography, SPECT)、正电子发射计算机断层成像(positron emission computed tomography, PET)及心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance, CMR)等多种心血管成像技术能够提供与冠脉病变及心肌形态和功能相关的解剖学、血流动力学、细胞生物学及病理生理学等方面的重要信息,在缺血性心肌病的临床诊疗及预后评估中发挥着日益重要的作用。然而,如何恰当选择的多模态心血管影像技术是临床医师面临的一大难题。因此,本文在归纳总结主要心血管成像技术临床应用进展的基础上,对多模态心血管影像学在缺血性心肌病相关的冠脉解剖与斑块成像、心肌功能、心肌灌注及心肌活性显像中的临床应用价值进行综述。旨在帮助临床医师客观认识各种成像技术的优势与不足,从而制定最优化的选择方案。     

CD44 fucosylation on mesenchymal stem cell enhances homing and macrophage polarization in ischemic kidney injury

The lack of homing ability possibly reduces the healing potential of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Therefore, transforming native CD44 on MSCs into a hematopoietic cell E-/L-selectin ligand (HCELL) that possesses potent E-selectin affinity might enhance the homing and regenerative abilities of MSCs. Through fucosyltransferase VI (FTVI) transfection, MSCs were fucosylated on N-glycans of CD44 to become HCELL positive, thus interacting with E-selectin on injured endothelial cells. HCELL expression facilitated MSC homing in kidneys within 24 h after injury and reduced lung stasis. An in vitro adhesion assay revealed that transfection enhanced the association between MSCs and hypoxic endothelial cells. In mice treated with HCELL-positive MSCs, the injured kidneys exhibited clusters of homing MSCs, whereas MSCs were rarely observed in mouse kidneys treated with HCELL-negative MSCs. Most MSCs were initially localized at the renal capsule, and some MSCs later migrated inward between tubules. Most homing MSCs were in close contact with inflammatory cells without tubular transdifferentiation. Furthermore, HCELL-positive MSCs substantially alleviated renal injury, partly by enhancing the polarization of infiltrating macrophages. In conclusion, engineering the glycan of CD44 on MSCs through FTVI transfection might enhance renotropism and the regenerating ability of MSCs in ischemic kidney injury.     

Homer-1a蛋白在异氟烷预处理脑保护中的作用

目的：探讨Homer-1a蛋白在异氟烷（Iso）预处理脑保护中的作用。方法：60只雄性SD大鼠（250~270g）,随机分为三组：Sham组（n=20）,仅分离血管不留置线栓;IR组（n=20）采用线栓法栓塞大脑中动脉致局灶性脑缺血模型,2h再灌注;IP组（n=20）,接受1h的异氟烷预处理（2％异氟烷,98％氧）,预处理后24h制作Mcao模型,分别于24h、48h、72h、7天后观察动物神经行为学改变。用Westernblot于24h、48h、72h、7天后对Homer-1a蛋白表达量进行分析。结果：24h时,IR组Homer-1a蛋白表达量低于Sham组（P〈0．05）．IP组Homer—1a蛋白表达量明显高于Sham组（P〈0．01）,IP组Homer-1a蛋白表达量高于IR组（P〈0．05）;48h时,IP组Homer．1a蛋白表达量高于Sham组（P〈0．05）,IR组Home〉1a蛋白表达量低于Sham组,IP组Home-1a蛋白表达量与IR组没有统计学意义;72h时,Sham组与IR组、IP组之间均无统计学意义;7天时,Sham组与IR组、IP组之间均无统计学意义。结论：在局灶性脑缺血中异氟烷预处理提高了Home-1a蛋白表达。     

Ischemic preconditioning enhances fatty acid-dependent mitochondrial uncoupling

This study tests the hypothesis that ischemic preconditioning (IP) changes fatty acid (FA)-dependent uncoupling between mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. We found that IP does not alter mitochondrial membrane integrity or FA levels, but enhances membrane potential decreases when FA are present, in an ATP-sensitive manner. FA hydroperoxides had equal effects in control and preconditioned mitochondria, and GTP did not abrogate the IP effect, suggesting uncoupling proteins were not involved. Conversely, thiol reductants and atractyloside, which inhibits the adenine nucleotide translocator, eliminated the differences in responses to FA. Together, our results suggest that IP leads to thiol oxidation and activation of the adenine nucleotide translocator, resulting in enhanced FA transport and mild mitochondrial uncoupling.     

脑蛋白水解物对缺血性脑血管病患者血流动力学及神经功能的影响

目的:探讨脑蛋白水解物对缺血性脑血管病患者血流动力学、血脂水平及神经功能的影响。方法:92例缺血性脑血管病患者依据抽签法分作对照组与观察组,各46例,对照组采用常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗基础上结合脑蛋白水解物治疗,观察并比较两组患者的全血低切黏度、全血高切黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞压积、纤维蛋白原、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、神经功能、脑血管储备能力、屏气指数以及临床效果。结果:治疗后,两组血流动力学均低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组(P0.05);两组TC、TG、LDL-C均低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组(P0.05);两组HDL-C均高于治疗前,且观察组高于对照组(P0.05);两组NIHSS均低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组(P0.05);两组脑血管储备能力及屏气指数均高于治疗前,且观察组高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组治疗有效率高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:脑蛋白水解物可有效调节缺血性脑血管病患者血流动力学及血脂水平,改善神经功能。     

Immunological Determination of Galactosylceramide Level in Blood as a Serum Index of Active Demyelination

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the level of galactosylceramide (GalC) in biological fluids is described. The assay uses GalC-coated plastic microtiter plates, with binding of an antibody to GalC detected by a peroxidase-labeled second antibody. The GalC level was directly estimated in the biological samples, without prior extraction, by competition with the coated hapten. This method allows the detection of 62 pmol of GalC (1.2 nmol/ml). Results using this procedure revealed positive sera only among patients suffering a myelin-destructive process: either primary, as in multiple sclerosis, or secondary to brain damage, as during ischemic strokes.