Karyotypes of thirteen species of Iris L. from China

Cytological studies were carried out for 13 taxa in the genus Iris from China, of which three species, namely I. subdichotoma, I. delavayi and I. cuniculiformis were endemic to China. The chromosome numbers in somatic cells for each taxon were as follows: I. subdichotoma, 2n=42; I. japonica, 2n=34; I. wattii, 2n=30; I. laevigata, 2n=32; I. ruthenica var. nana, 2n=42; I. collettii, 2n=28; I. dolichosiphon and I. cuniculiformis, 2n=22; I. bulleyana, I. delavayi, I. chrysographes, I. forrestii, and I. lactea var. chinensis, 2n=40. The chromosome number and karyotype of I. cuniculiformis were reported here for the first time and its karyotype formula was 2n=22=4m+6sm+12st(2SAT). The karyotype of I. dolichosiphon was also firstly reported, whose karyotype formula was 2n=22=4m+12sm+6st. The chromosome number and karyotype of I. subdichotoma was newly observed, whose karyotype formula was 2n=42=20m+22sm. Three populations of I. ruthenica var. nana from different localities were investigated and all the three populations had the same chromosome numbers different than previously reported. The karyotype formulae for I. ruthenica var. nana were shown as follows: Zhongdian population, 2n=42=30m+12sm (2SAT); Lijiang population, 2n=42=28m+14sm(2SAT); Nixi population, 2n=42=36m+6sm (4SAT). In addition, the 2n chromosome numbers of three subgenera Limniris, Iris and Nepalensis in the genus Iris from present results and previous reports were summarized. The results showed that the chromosome number varied considerably in subgen. Nepalensis, in which I. subdichotoma was possibly a key species between the genus Pardanthopsis and subgen. Nepalensis. Chromosome number of I. ruthenica was reported as 2n=84 which was twice as much as its variety I. ruthenica var. nana (2n=42) we observed. By comparing with related groups, I. ruthenica is likely to derive from diploid group. Finally, variation of chromosome number and evolutional tendency of karyotype in the genus Iris were also discussed.     

S6 protein kinase activates Juvenile Hormone and vitellogenin production in the cockroach Blattella germanica

Nutritional status regulates different processes, such as growth and development, through TOR (target of rapamycin) and insulin receptor signalling pathways. The ribosomal S6 protein kinase (S6K) is a downstream element of both pathways. Using cDNA from the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L.), two S6K isoform sequences (BgS6K) are cloned. The long isoform differs from the short one by the insertion of a 22‐amino acid duplication, involving the key phosphorylation position Thr³⁹⁰. As a result of this, the long isoform presents a new, potentially regulatory phosphorylation site. RNA interference knockdown of both BgS6K isoforms induces an increase in the length of the last nymphal instar, together with a reduction in the mRNA levels of a number of enzymes of the Juvenile Hormone biosynthetic pathway in the corpora allata, vitellogenin mRNA levels in the fat body and basal oocyte length. Thus, BgS6K is important for nymphal development and is necessary for the full induction of Juvenile Hormone synthesis and vitellogenin production in adult females.     

Asymmetric reduction of ketones by biocatalysis using medlar (Mespilus germanica L) fruit grown in Algeria

Abstract

The biocatalytic reduction of ketones was performed using medlar fruit (Mespilus germanica L), which is grown in large amounts in Algeria. Experiments were performed using aqueous medium with fresh medlar. Prochiral heteroaryl ketones containing furan, thiophene, chroman, and thiochroman moieties were reduced with enantiomeric excess (ee) of up to 98%. High enantioselectivities have been observed especially for the bioreduction of tetralone 4 and thiochromanone 5 with ee of 89% and 98%, respectively. Bioreduction using different parts of medlar indicate that chromanone 6 was reduced with good asymmetric inductions 77% < ee < 85% whichever part of fruit was employed (whole, flesh, or juice) and medlar juice exhibited the best activity.     

内蒙古野生马蔺种质农艺性状遗传多样性研究

以收集自内蒙古11个盟市的20个野生马蔺种质材料为研究对象,通过对其13个农艺性状指标进行主成分分析、相关性分析和聚类分析,探讨不同种质间的亲缘关系、遗传变异特性及其原因,为马蔺的开发利用、资源保护和育种应用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)不同来源的马蔺种质农艺性状表现出不同程度的变异性,变异系数范围为9.72%~300.00%,变异系数较大的性状是千粒重、胚长和发芽率,变异系数较小的性状是株高和叶宽。(2)千粒重、发芽率、吸水率、胚长、胚乳长、种子长、生殖枝数、营养枝数、叶宽、株高10个主要性状是引起不同来源马蔺种质农艺性状分化的主要指标。(3)各农艺性状间存在不同程度的相关性,经度、纬度、海拔高度是引起马蔺种质变异的主要因素,胚长、千粒重、吸水率易受生态环境因子的影响。(4)来源不同的20个马蔺种质聚为4类,绝大多数种质材料表现出明显的地域性,经、纬度相近或小生境相似的种质聚为一类。     

Lipase-catalyzed regioselective protection/deprotection of hydroxyl groups of the isoflavone irilone isolated from Iris germanica

The regioselective acylation of irilone, isolated from Iris germanica, with vinylacetate and propenylacetate and deacylation of irilone diacetate with n-butanol were studied using lipases from Aspergillus niger, Mucor miehei, Pseudomonas cepacia, Candida cylindracea, porcine pancreas and Candida antarctica. Significant conversion of irilone to 4′-O-acetylirilone was achieved using P. cepacia lipase, while irilone diacetate was converted to 5-O-acetylirilone by the enzymatic action of lipases from M. miechei, P. cepacia and porcine pancreas under different experimental conditions. This preferential protection/deprotection furnishes an opportunity to modify the structure of irilone by selective derivatization that may help to change its biological activities by modifying its amphiphilic/lipophilic balance.     

Pterygodermatites nycticebi infections in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) and aye‐ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) from a German zoo

In a golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) colony kept indoors in a German zoo, two animals presented a sudden onset of reduced general condition, lethargy, and diarrhea. At animal capture for clinical examination, adult nematode stages were observed after stress‐induced defecation. Despite treatment, two golden lion tamarins died in the following 2 days. At necropsy, spirurid stages were found in the lungs and intestine. Additionally, adult Pterygodermatites spp. were identified in histopathological samples of intestine and pancreas, confirming the previous diagnosis. Upon diagnosis, all animals were treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg; SC). Thereafter, the general condition of the golden lion tamarins improved, whereby some of them excreted spirurid nematodes over 3 days. Four weeks after treatment, 20 fecal samples from the colony were examined and proved negative for parasitic stages. Given that common German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) are suitable intermediate hosts of Pterygodermatites nycticebi, 30 specimens were collected from seven different locations around the golden lion tamarins housing. Third‐stage larvae of Pterygodermatites spp. were recovered from those cockroaches. Regular anthelmintic treatments, coprological screenings, and controls for intermediate hosts were recommended. More than 2 years later, P. nycticebi infection was diagnosed again histopathologically in an aye‐aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) which suddenly died. Coprological analysis confirmed the presence of spirurid eggs. Due to prosimian primates' cockroach‐eating habits and given that total cockroach eradication proved impossible, continuous cockroach control strategies and regular treatments of primates are currently performed to prevent further P. nycticebi infections.     

藏药翁布的黄酮类化学成分研究

从藏药翁布(Myricaria germanica)的60%丙酮提取物中分离得到了11个黄酮类化合物,利用光谱、波谱分析法鉴定其结构分别为:35,,4’-三羟基-73,’-二甲氧基黄酮(1),3,5,4’-三羟基-7-甲氧基黄酮(2),3,5,3’,4’-四羟基-7-甲氧基黄酮(3),35,7,-三羟基-4’-甲氧基黄酮(4),柽柳素(5),山柰酚(6),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)5,,7,4’-三羟基-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸(8),5,7,3’4,’-四羟基-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸(9),槲皮苷(10)和阿福豆苷(11)。上述化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到,其中化合物4、5、7～11为首次从水柏枝属植物中分离得到。     

鸢尾叶的化学成分

鸢尾(Iris tectorum Maxim.)主产四川、重庆、贵州、云南和广西等地,始载于《神农本草经》;其根茎作为"川射干"药用,具有清热解毒、消痰利咽的功效,被收载入2005年版和2010年版《中国药典》。有关鸢尾药用部位(根茎)化学成分的相关研究较多,其中异黄酮类成分为其主要有效成分[1-2],具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和雌激素样作用等[3-4]。据记载:鸢尾全     

NaCl胁迫对马蔺生长及生理生化指标的影响

采用水培法,以1/2Hoagland溶液为基础培养液,研究了1、2、3、4、6、8和10 g·L-1NaCl胁迫处理对马蔺[Iris lactea Pall.var.chinensis(Fisch.)Koidz.]幼苗部分生长和生理生化指标的影响.结果显示:随NaCl质量浓度的提高,马蔺幼苗的株高和根长、地上部分和根及全株干质量逐渐减小,但在1 g·L-1NaCl胁迫条件下,株高和地上部分及全株干质量均显著高于对照.随NaCl质量浓度的提高和胁迫时间的延长,马蔺幼苗叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量总体上呈逐渐升高的趋势;其中,用1～4 g·L-1NaCl胁迫处理7或14 d,相对电导率有小幅增加但与对照差异不显著;用1～8 g·L-1NaCl胁迫处理7 d,MDA含量与对照差异不显著.叶片叶绿素和脯氨酸含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则随胁迫时间的延长呈先升后降的趋势,在胁迫的14或21 d各指标达到最高值.随NaCl质量浓度的提高,脯氨酸含量和SOD活性均不断增加且总体上显著高于对照;叶绿素含量则随NaCl质量浓度的提高出现低浓度升高、高浓度降低的趋势,其中3和4 g·L-1NaCl胁迫处理组叶绿素含量最高;各处理组的可溶性蛋白质含量在处理的第7大或第14天与对照无显著差异,第21天则随NaCl质量浓度的提高呈低浓度升高、高浓度降低的趋势,而第28天则随NaCl质量浓度的提高逐渐降低.总体上看,低质量浓度和短时间的NaCl胁迫对马蔺生长和代谢的抑制作用不明显甚至略有促进作用,而高质量浓度和长时间的NaCl胁迫则具有明显的抑制作用.在实验结束后全部供试植株均存活,结合生长和生理生化指标的测定结果,初步判定马蔺对NaCl胁迫具有较强的耐性.     

Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫条件下溪荪(Iris sanguinea)生长及金属离子积累特征分析

采用水培法,对Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫(500 mg·L-1Pb、25 mg·L-1 Cd、500 mg·L-1pb-25 mg·L-1Cd)条件下溪荪(Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn.)幼苗不同部分的生长及Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、K和Na积累状况进行了研究.结果显示:在Pb单一胁迫条件下,溪荪幼苗地下部分干质量较对照降低了18.2％,地上部分干质量和耐性指数均与对照无显著差异;在Cd单一胁迫条件下,地下部分与地上部分的干质量较对照分别降低了16.4％和14.1％,耐性指数降低了7％;在Pb-Cd复合胁迫条件下,溪荪幼苗不同部分的干质量以及耐性指数均与对照无显著差异.在Pb单一及Pb-Cd复合胁迫条件下,幼苗不同部分的Pb含量均明显高于对照,Pb单一胁迫处理组幼苗地上部分和地下部分的Pb含量分别比Pb-Cd复合胁迫处理组高19.8％和16.0％.在Cd单一及Pb-Cd复合胁迫条件下,幼苗不同部分的Cd含量均明显高于对照,Pb-Cd复合胁迫处理组幼苗地上部分和地下部分的Cd含量分别为Cd单一胁迫处理组的2.02和5.74倍.经Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫后,幼苗不同部分的Zn、Cu和Na含量均明显高于对照,而K含量则低于对照;地上部分的Zn、K和Na含量均高于地下部分,但Cu含量在幼苗不同部分的变化趋势则有所不同.比较结果表明:Pb-Cd复合胁迫对溪荪幼苗的Pb积累有促进作用、对Cd积累有抑制作用,表现出拮抗作用;溪荪对Pb胁迫的耐性相对更强,对Pb和Cd及其他金属元素有一定的积累能力,可用于Pb污染环境尤其是湿地Pb污染环境的修复.