德国小蠊生活史各期蛋白质、糖与酯酶同功酶的比较研究

德国小蠊生活史各期经等电聚焦后,用考马斯亮兰染蛋白质,然后用薄层层析扫描仪扫描,卵、若虫、成虫分别显带36、30和43条;用PAS染糖,分别显带29、21和33条。各阶段所显区带由糖蛋白、蛋白质和多糖组成。另补,本还对各阶段的酯酶同功酶进行了比较．用坚牢兰染色后．卵、若虫、成虫分别显带23、23和25条。结果表明．每种物质均以成虫期显带较多。     

A comparison of purification efficiencies of various constructed ecosystems (aquatic,semi-aquatic and terrestrial) receiving urban wastewaters

Tests were carried out under controlled conditions in the Experimental Plant of Viville (Arlon, Belgium) to enhance the purification of urban wastewater by natural means. The results demonstrate the need to structure treatment systems in a series of different artificial ecosystems (or a Hierarchical Mosaic of Artificial Ecosystems — MHEA in French). The first two levels we used were made up of an unplanted aquatic ecosystem (stabilization pond) followed by a semi-aquatic ecosystem planted withTypha latifolia L. in which the water flows over the substrate. At a flow rate of 4 m²/PE (1 PE=150 1/day of typical urban wastewaters in Belgian rural zones), this first stage substantially reduces suspended solids (SS), COD and BOD₅, a significant amount of tot-N and tot-P, and reduces pathogens by 100-fold. Further, the system is easy to manage (sludge is eliminated in the first stage and biomass is collected in the second stage) and the treatment system does not clog up.Nevertheless, real and sustainable environmental protection demands even higher performance rates, and these first two stages, both in terms of design and dimension, can only be considered as a satisfactory part of a MHEA system. Artificial aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial ecosystems were systematically compared at the third and fourth stage of the system to increase the overall removal efficiency.The most complete and efficient system in our tests (i.e., the one that provides the most successful primary (SS), secondary (COD and BOD₅) and tertiary (N and P) treatment and the best pathogens removal rates) was made up of 3 sequential series of ecosystems: an aquatic ecosystem whose flow went into a plantedTypha latifolia system (surface water flow), that flowed into a terrestrial ecosystem planted withAlnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn (vertical subsurface water flow). A total surface area (stages 1–4) of 8 m²/PE ensured a high performance level whose outflow conformed to the strictest European norms.     

Characterization of the Reflective Materials and Organelles in the Bright Irides of North American Blackbirds (Icterinae)

The reflective materials in the iris stroma of bright-irised American blackbirds (Icterinae, Emberizidae) and the red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus) (Vireonidae) were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and diode-array detection. Two purines, guanine and hypoxanthine, and two pteridines, leucopterin and xanthopterin, were detected in large amounts in all bright irides. The brown iris of the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) by comparison contained only small amounts of these and additional unidentified compounds. The absolute and relative amounts of light-absorbing compounds in the iris varied somewhat among species of blackbirds with bright irides, and markedly within one species (brewer's blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus) between sexes and age classes that vary in eye color. Differences in the types, numbers, and sizes of pigment organelles in the irides appeared to underlie the differences in amounts of light-absorbing compounds. Guanine was the most abundant light-absorbing compound in all bright irides, accounting for about 90% of the total absorption at 250 nm. A wide range of concentrations of guanine, from 96 to 9 μg per iris, produced bright irides. The primary pigment organelles of pigment cells in bright irides were reflecting platelets, which typically appeared as open spaces on electron micrographs. In the red-eyed vireo there were in addition red pterinosome-like pigment organelles in the pigment cells on the anterior surface of the iris stroma. Guanine was present even in irides with no overt reflecting platelets.     

Solute leakage, lipid peroxidation, and protein degradation during the senecence of Iris tepals

A colour change and inrolling of the tepal edges are the first symptoms of senescence of Iris flowers ( Iris x hollandica Tub., cv. Blue Magic). Tepals showed an increase in leakage of both ions and anthocyanins, prior to the visible senescence symptoms. Increased leakage occurred irrespective of the time at which the tepals were severed and placed in water, indicating that the senescence process is inherent in the tepal cells. Net loss of proteins in the tepal edges started after flower opening, and after two more days, when the first symptoms of senescence were observed, the protein level was only 20% of that at harvest. Cycloheximide delayed senescence and resulted in a lower rate of protein loss. Phenylmethylsulfony fluoride (PMSF), a protease inhibitor, had a similar effect on protein levels but did not affect the time to visible senescence, and also several other protease inhibitors did not affect the time to senescence.
During senescence the rate of respiration of the tepals remained unchanged and their rate of ethylene production decreaased. The rate of ethane production, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, was very low and remained unaltered. Antioxidants ( l ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, diphenylamine, propyl gallate, propyl- p -hydroxybenzoate and sodium benzoate) had no effect on the time to tepal senescence. It is concluded that tepal wilting is due to transfer of solutes from the symplast to the apoplast. Although net protein degradation occurs early during the senescence process, its inhibition is not correlated with a delay in the time to senescence. Furthermore, the results do not support the hypothesis that the increase in solute leakage is due to (free radical-mediated) peroxidation of membrane lipids. The present results are in contrast with the ethylene-regulated petal senescence of carnation, which is accompanied by lipid peroxidation.     

Studies on the acetylcholinesterase (ache)-positive and -negative autonomic axons supplying smooth muscle in the normal and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)treated rat iris

Summary The adrenergic and cholinergic innervation to the rat iris has been studied at a light and electron microscopic level. Catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry showed adrenergic nerves to be present in both the dilatator and the constrictor pupillae regions. At a fine structural level the terminal innervation of the iris was studied and criteria for the differentiation between presumptive adrenergic and presumptive cholinergic axon terminals were examined. To aid this examination presumptive adrenergic axons were either labelled with the false adrenergic transmitter, 5-hydroxydopamine, or chemical sympathectomy performed using 6-hydroxydopamine. The value of using acetylcholinesterase staining as a marker for cholinergic nerve terminals was also studied.Results showed a mixed adrenergic/cholinergic innervation to the dilatator pupillae. In the constrictor pupillae an exclusively cholinergic innervation was found although adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were found supplying the blood vessels and at the dilatator-constrictor interface. These findings are discussed with regard to innervation-function relationships in the iris.     

Phenotypic plasticity and character differentiation in a subdivided population ofIris pumila (Iridaceae)

Variation patterns in phenotypic plasticity and broad sense heritability of 26 characters were examined within and among closely adjacent habitats of the bearded iris,Iris pumila. It was found thatI. pumila has considerable differentiation for phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation over short distances. An analysis of relationships between character differentiation and phenotypic plasticity suggests that they could have evolved independently. Possible mechanisms for maintaining local differentiation of the observed plastic and genetic variation are also discussed.     

马蔺染色体的核型分析

<正> 马蔺(Iris ensata Thunb.)为鸢尾科多年生草本,分布于东北、华北、西北、华东和西藏,朝鲜、苏联也有。生于向阳山野、草地及草甸,也常栽于庭院中。 本品为少常用中药,“神农本草经”中列为中品,以干燥成熟种子入药,味甘、性平,具有清热利湿,消肿解毒,止血之功效。 在细胞学方面,关于马蔺的体细胞染色体数目Sharma(1970),Mehra&Sachdeva(1971)曾分别报道为2n=40和n=20,与笔者的观察结果相吻合,但Pandita     

六角果鸢尾离体快繁技术体系的构建

为构建六角果鸢尾(Iris hexagona)的离体快繁体系,以其幼嫩根状茎为外植体,研究了培养基和植物生长调节剂对不定芽诱导、增殖和植株生根的影响。结果表明,根状茎用0.1%Hg Cl2消毒13 min的效果较佳;不定芽诱导最适培养基为MS+6-BA 1.5 mg L–1+NAA 0.5 mg L–1+蔗糖30 g L–1+琼脂7.5 g L–1,不定芽增殖的适宜培养基为MS+6-BA 0.5 mg L–1+NAA0.2 mg L–1+KT 0.3 mg L–1+蔗糖30 g L–1+琼脂7.5 g L–1;在MS+IBA 1.5 mg L–1+蔗糖30 g L–1+琼脂7.5 g L–1培养基上不定芽生根率可达100%;腐殖土和珍珠岩+泥炭土+蛭石(1∶2∶1)均可作为组培苗移栽的适宜基质,移栽成活率可达100%。     

Rare plant translocation between mineral islands in Biebrza Valley (northeastern Poland): effectiveness and recipient site selection

We carried out translocations of three rare plants that inhabit mineral islands in the marshy Biebrza Valley in order to create alternative populations and facilitate connectivity between existing subpopulations. The species chosen were Iris aphylla and two orchids: Cypripedium calceolus and Cephalanthera rubra. Thirty soil monoliths with vegetative orchid plants or parts of I. aphylla rhizomes were dug out and transplanted to three different sites on new mineral islands (half in 2012 and half in 2013). Prior to translocation, we measured soil moisture and pH and took phytosociological characteristics in 68 potential recipient sites for orchids and 15 for I. aphylla. Then, we monitored the number of shoots for 4 years and retrospectively conducted principal component analysis (PCA) in order to compare the similarity of donor sites and chosen recipient sites. Three years after transplantation we found new C. calceolus populations in good condition, I. aphylla populations in moderate, while C. rubra transplants emerged only in the first and second season. All newly established populations of C. calceolus and I. aphylla survived. In the case of the first species, fruiting was observed in two populations, while a marked increase in shoot number was observed in one population. The most successful C. calceolus translocation site was also the most similar to the donor sites according to PCA.     

Comparison of the effect of natural and experimental anoxia on carbohydrate and energy metabolism in Iris pseudacorus rhizomes

Carbohydrate utilization in Iris pseudacorus rhizomes was investigated under natural conditions in the field for a period of one year. The area of study was under flood from mid-December to end of May and wet for the rest of the period of study. Rhizome samples were collected in the wild twice monthly. in order to determine glucose content and amount of reducing and non-reducing sugars in the rhizome core material. For comparison with experimental anoxia, rhizomes were washed and kept under strict anoxia in the dark at +20°C. Carbohydrates were measured in groups as above. The amount of ethanol and the levels, of ATP. ADP and AMP were also measured and adenylate energy charge computed.
Glucose content of the rhizomes was 10 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight in the autumn and decreased during winter to reach ca 5 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight in the spring. Total reducing sugars increased in w inter while the amount of non-reducing sugars increased during early autumn and decreased during winter and spring. Not all non-reducing sugar stores had been used up in the spring when growth was resumed. Under experimental anoxia adenylate energy charge remained relatively high for 30 days (near 0.6 or over) and then dropped quickly to bekm 0.3. indicating death of the tissues. After 30 days under anoxia the amount of ethanol still increased and that of total reducing sugars decreased. The level of non-reducing sugars decreased from 0 to 15 days of anoxia before an increase took place durine the next 20 days.