A TRADE-OFF FOR HOST PLANT UTILIZATION IN THE BLACK BEAN APHID,APHIS FABAE

Many studies on insect herbivores have sought to find trade-offs between utilization of alternate host plants, both to understand the prevalence of specialization and to appreciate the likelihood of sympatric speciation due to disruptive selection. To date, few studies have found trade-offs. Seventy-seven clones of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, were collected from field sites in East Anglia, U.K., over an area of about 10,000 km². These clones exhibit a trade-off in fitness between two alternative hosts, broad bean and nasturtium. This pattern is maintained in the F2 generation. The predominance of broad bean in the area, the fact that clones were only sampled from one of these two hosts, and the absence of “master-of-all-trades” genotypes after recombination all point to the importance of antagonistic pleiotropy rather than linkage disequilibrium in maintaining this trade-off. It is concluded that this population presents strong evidence for a fundamental trade-off for host utilization.     

Occurrence of heavy metals,sodium, calcium,and potassium in human hair,teeth, and nails

Heavy metals in biological samples: nails, teeth, and hair were examined during 1991–1993. Investigations of biological samples (hairn=249 samples, teethn=145, nailsn=80 samples) were provided for inhabitants of selected towns in Beskid Śląski. The towns are small mountain towns in southern Poland: Wista, Szczyrk, Istebna, Koniaków, and Jaworzynka. The analysis of ANOVA and MANOVA variances were used for biological samples in the context of age, sex, and type of samples for 12 elements (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Co, Ca, Na, and K). The matrix correlation and cluster analysis were applied to explain the behavior of metals in human hair, teeth, and nails.     

Conformation of 4-thio-l-lyxono-1,4-lactone in solution and in the crystalline state

The conformation in ²H₂O of 4-thio-l-lyxono-1,4-lactone (1) was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, by means of homonuclear (J_1H,1H) and heteronuclear (J_1H,13C) coupling constants. The couplings were directly measured by a two-dimensional heteronucleus-coupled ω₁ hetero-half-filtered proton-proton correlation (HETLOC) experiment, which does not require ¹³C isotopic enrichment. In solution, the thiolactone ring of 1 adopts preferentially the E₃ conformation, and its hydroxymethyl group populates mainly the gt rotamer. The X-ray diffraction data of a single crystal of 1 indicates that also in the solid state the thiolactone ring adopts an E₃ conformation, with a puckering somewhat larger than that observed for aldono-1,4-lactones and furanose rings. The molecules are linked by hydrogen bonds, which form chains. Particularly, O-5 is fully engaged as donor and acceptor in hydrogen bonding and the rotameric conformation of the hydroxymethyl group of 1 is fixed in the tg form.     

Trade-offs in responses to host plants within a population of a generalist herbivore,Christoneura rosaceana

Evolutionary constraints on the ability of herbivores to efficiently use a set of phytochemically similar hosts, while maintaining a high performance on phytochemically different hosts, are central in explaining the predominance of host specialization in phytophagous insects. Such feeding trade-offs could be manifested within insect populations as negative genetic correlations in fitness on different host species. We tested the hypothesis that feeding trade-offs were present within a population of the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). Components of fitness were measured in families originating from an apple orchard that were fed on four host-plant species in the laboratory. Under the conditions of this experiment, all across-host genetic correlations were strongly positive, suggesting that this population comprised true generalists. With the exception of diapausing propensity, the heritability of the fitness components tended to be lower in caterpillars fed on apple leaves than in insects fed other hosts. This suggests a constraint on the selective response of the fitness components in the orchard environment.     

Genetic,phenotypic, and environmental correlations in black medic,Medicago lupulina L., grown in three different environments

We have investigated the relationship between phenotypic and genetic correlations among a large number of quantitative traits (36) in three different environments in order to determine their degree of disparity and whether phenotypic correlations could be substituted for their genetic counterparts whatever the environment. We also studied the influence of the environment on genetic and phenotypic correlations. Twenty accessions (full-sib families) ofMedicago luPulina were grown in three environments. In two of these two levels of environmental stress were generated by harvesting plants at flowering and by growing plants in competition with barley, respectively. A third environment, with no treatment, was used as a control with no stress. Average values of pod and shoot weight indicate that competition induces the highest level of stress. The genetic and phenotypic correlations among the 36 traits were compared. Significant phenotypic correlations were obtained easily, while there was no genetic variation for 1 or the 2 characters being correlated. The large positive correlation between the genetic and phenotypic correlation matrices indicated a good proportionality between genetic and phenotypic correlations matrices but not their similarity. In a given environment, when only those traits with a significant genetic variance were taken into account, there were still differences between genetic and phenotypic correlations, even when levels of significance for phenotypic correlations were lowered. Consequently, it is dangerous to substitute phenotypic correlations for genetic correlations. The number of traits that showed genetic variability increased with increasing environmental stress, consequently the number of significant genetic correlations also increased with increasing environmental stress. In contrast, the number of significant phenotypic correlations was not influnced by the environment. The structures of both phenotypic and genetic matrices, however, depended on the environment, and not in the same way for both matrices.     

The effects of selection for gain in mice on the direct-maternal genetic correlation

Components of genetic variation for postweaning growth traits were estimated for both control and growth stocks of mice. The effect of phenotypic selection for gain, which genetically combines selection for additive direct and maternal effects, on additive genetic variance components, heritability, and additive genetic correlationsis discussed. Quantitative genetic theory predicts that simultaneous selection for two metric traits in the same direction will cause the genetic correlation between the two traits to become more negative. The results presented in this paper conflict with this theory. The direct-maternal additive genetic correlation was more negative in the control line (with 356 mice) than in the growth-selected line (with 320 mice) for the three traits analyzed (0.310 vs 0.999 for 21-day weight, 0.316 vs 1.000 for 42-day weight, and 0.506 vs 1.000 for gain from 21–42 days). Estimates were obtained by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) computed under a derivative free algorithm (DFREML).     

Developments in tomographic methods for biological trace element research

Neutron-induced γ-ray emission tomography for quantitative determination of the concentration and distribution of elements in a selected plane through a biological specimen is briefly explained and applied by way of illustration to the analysis of gallstones. A system capable of carrying out studies of the binding site of⁷⁵Se in different matrices using time differential perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy is also briefly described. Developments in the detector technology of positron emission tomography have allowed small-diameter imaging devices to be built for in vivo preclinical evaluation of new tracers in small animals and are discussed in the context of a proposed experiment combining the techniques mentioned above.     

Collective motions in proteins investigated by X-ray diffuse scattering

We have developed theoretical models for analysis of X-ray diffuse scattering from protein crystals. A series of models are proposed to be used for experimental data with different degrees of precision. First, we propose the normal mode model, where conformational dynamics of a protein is assumed to occur mostly in a limited conformational subspace spanned by a small number of low-frequency normal modes in the protein. When high precision data are available, variances and covariances of the normal mode variables can be determined from experimental data using this model. For experimental data with lower degrees of precision, we introduce a series of simpler models. These models express the covariance matrix using relatively simple empirical correlation functions by assuming the correlation between a pair of atoms to be isotropic. As an application of these simpler models, we calculate diffuse-scattering patterns from a human lysozyme crystal to examine how each adjustable parameter in the models affects general features of the resulting patterns. The results of the calculation are summarized as follows. (1) The higher order scattering makes a significant contribution at high resolutions. (2) The resulting simulated patterns are sensitive to changes in correlation lengths of about 1 Å, as well as to changes of the functional form of the correlation function. (3) But only the “average” value of the intra- and intermolecular correlation lengths seems to determine the gross features of the pattern. (4) The effect of the atom-dependent amplitude of fluctuations is difficult to observe. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

植被生态信息的典范相关分析技术理论

植被生态信息分析中对两（多）组取样集间的相关分析的需求导致了典范相关分析技术的应用和发展。本文对典范相关分析技术的原理、典范参数的生态学意义进行了提示,比较了典范相关分析与ＰＣＡ之间的差异,产在典范相关分析技术的应用过程中,原始数据的预处理提出了建议。     

The influence of temperature on the dynamics of protein precrystallization clusters,studied by photon correlation spectroscopy

Hen-egg white lysozyme was used for studying the influence of temperature on crystallization. The reaction was initiated at variable temperatures, covering the range between 5–50 °C, and was monitored with photon correlation spectroscopy. When aggregation was induced by addition of NaCl, the clusters formed exhibited diffusion limited aggregation behavior and crystals appeared in less than two days. In contrast, (NH₄)₂SO₄ induced aggregation took place mostly in the cross-over regime. In this case, solutions either remained transparent and void of crystals or formed gels within a few weeks. In both cases the kinetics could be dynamically scaled into master curves indicating that the precrystallization formed aggregates are fractals resulting from different collision processes.