Bovine colostrum promoted ileal health in newborn lambs at 24 h after birth: insight from intestinal morphology and innate immunity

The contribution of colostrum to passive immunity transfer and intestinal protection in newborn ruminants is well known; however, it is currently unclear how colostrum intake affects intestinal innate immunity. We investigated the effects of bovine colostrum intake on ileal morphology, expression of genes involved in intestinal innate immunity, and serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in newborn lambs. Twenty-seven newborn male Hu lambs were used, of which 18 were bottle-fed either bovine colostrum (C24h; n = 9) or bovine mature milk (M24h; n = 9) within the first 2 h after birth at an intake of approximately 8% of BW; the remaining nine lambs did not receive any feeding (N24h). Blood and ileal tissue samples were collected after the lambs were slaughtered at 24 h after birth. Ileal villus height and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio were significantly higher in C24h than those in N24h and M24h lambs (P < 0.01). Messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance of toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8 and tumour necrosis factor alpha in the ileum was lower in C24h than that in N24h lambs (P < 0.05). Moreover, C24h lambs had a lower TLR3 mRNA abundance (P < 0.01) and a trend of lower TLR6 (P = 0.06) and interleukin 1 beta (P = 0.08) expression compared with those in M24h lambs. We also observed strong positive correlations of tumour necrosis factor alpha expression with that of TLR2 (r = 0.71; P < 0.001), TLR4 (r = 0.88; P < 0.001) and TLR8 (r = 0.83; P < 0.001). Interestingly, the expression of barrier-related molecules, including mucin-13, lysozyme, claudin (CLDN)-1, CLDN2, CLDN4, CLDN7, CLDN12, occludin, zonula occluden-1 and junctional adhesion molecule-1, was consistently lower in C24h lambs than that in N24h and M24h lambs (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the beneficial roles of colostrum intake on intestinal protection in newborn lambs were associated with low TLR expression, which was reflected by improved intestinal development and reduced inflammatory response. Further studies using fluorescence in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemical methods are needed to further explore the mechanisms underlying the lower expression of intestinal barrier-related molecules due to colostrum feeding.     

肠三叶因子在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化及其抗体制备

目的:获得肠三叶因子(ITF)的原核表达产物及抗rITF抗体,为深入研究ITF的作用机制及其受体研究奠定基础。方法:常规提取人小肠组织总RNA,用RT-PCR获得ITF编码基因片段,克隆至质粒pET32a获得原核表达栽体,双酶切和测序后转化至Origami B(DE3)用IPTG诱导表达,优化条件获得最大表达产量;用SDS-PAGE、Western blot鉴定表达产物,亲和层析纯化获得的重组蛋白rITF皮下多点注射家兔,制备多克隆抗体,并用此抗体进行大鼠肠组织免疫组化研究。结果:测序证实PCR扩增获得ITF全长基因序列与基因文库中的完全一致,将该基因片段正确插入表达载体pET32a中、优化表达条件后,重组蛋白的表达量达到50mg/L;Western blot证明重组蛋白具有良好的抗原性和特异性;通过Ni-NTA亲和层析、超滤离心后,得到90%纯度的蛋白;收集兔血清,纯化后获得特异性良好的ITF抗体,免疫组化染色肠组织显示ITF表达的部位定位于杯状细胞。结论:成功构建了表达载体pET32a-ITF,在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化获得纯度较高的rITF,并获得了生物活性较高的ITF抗体,ITF主要在肠道杯状细胞分泌表达。     

二代益生菌嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌与慢性疾病的研究进展

随着人们对肠道菌群研究的深入,越来越多的证据表明肠道菌群失调与许多慢性疾病的发生和进展密切相关。目前,采用益生菌治疗疾病已成为国际热点,而嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila,A. muciniphila)作为人类肠道黏液层中的常见定植菌,逐渐被认为是二代益生菌中有前途的候选者。本文综述了A. muciniphila对慢性疾病的改善作用及其可能机制,从而为疾病治疗提供新思路。     

马来酸曲美布汀联合莫沙必利对功能性消化不良患者胃电图参数、肠道菌群和血清NPSR-1、CGRP、MTL、GAS的影响

摘要 目的：观察马来酸曲美布汀联合莫沙必利对功能性消化不良（FD）患者胃电图参数、肠道菌群和血清神经肽S受体-1（NPSR-1）、降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）、胃动素(MTL)、胃泌素(GAS)的影响。方法：选取2019年8月~2021年6月期间我院收治的FD患者100例,根据信封抽签法分为对照组（莫沙必利治疗,n=50）和观察组（马来酸曲美布汀联合莫沙必利治疗,n=50）。对比两组疗效、胃电图参数、肠道菌群变化情况和血清NPSR-1、CGRP、MTL、GAS水平,记录两组不良反应发生率。结果：观察组的临床总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组空腹及餐后正常慢波百分比均较治疗前升高,胃电频率、胃电紊乱节律百分比均较治疗前下降,且观察组的变化幅度更大（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组肠杆菌、肠球菌、酵母菌数量较治疗前下降,且观察组的下降幅度更明显（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组血清CGRP水平较治疗前下降,NPSR-1、MTL、GAS水平较治疗前升高,且观察组的变化幅度更大（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率组间对比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：马来酸曲美布汀联合莫沙必利治疗FD患者,可有效改善胃电图参数和肠道菌群分布,调节其血清NPSR-1、CGRP、MTL、GAS水平,安全有效。     

芍药苷对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠道屏障功能和ERK信号通路的影响

摘要 目的：探究芍药苷对溃疡性结肠炎（UC）发生过程中肠道屏障功能和ERK信号通路的影响。方法：将24只7-8周龄SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组：正常组（Normal组,未造模及给药的大鼠）、模型组（Model组,100 mg/kg TNBS给药造模）、低剂量芍药苷组（LPF组,100 mg/kg TNBS +10 mg/kg芍药苷给药处理）和高剂量芍药苷组（HPF组,100 mg/kg TNBS +100 mg/kg芍药苷给药处理）,每组6只大鼠。对大鼠推注5%三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）进行UC大鼠造模,然后灌胃指定浓度的芍药苷,连续处理14 d。通过苏木精伊红（HE）染色进行组织病理学观察,通过阿尔辛蓝（AB）染色计算结肠粘液层厚度。通过ELISA法检测结肠组织中细胞因子（IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-10）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）和粘蛋白（MUC2和MUC5AC）的水平。通过免疫组化检测各组大鼠结肠组织中IL-6和IL-10的蛋白表达。通过Western blotting分析蛋白激酶Cα（PKCα）、p-PKCα、ERK1/2和p-ERK1/2的蛋白表达。结果：与Model组（8.38±0.42 cm）相比,LPF组（9.88±0.49 cm）和HPF组（10.92±0.55 cm）UC大鼠的结肠长度显著增加（P<0.05）。与Model组（22.54±1.13 μm）相比,LPF组（41.07±2.05 μm）和HPF组（50.33±2.52 μm）UC大鼠结肠粘液层厚度显著增加（P<0.05）。与Model组相比,LPF组和HPF组UC大鼠的结肠形态明显改善,结肠组织中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和MPO的水平显著降低,而IL-10显著升高（P<0.05）。与Model组相比,LPF组和HPF组UC大鼠结肠组织中MUC2和MUC5AC水平均显著升高,p-PKCα和p-ERK1/2的磷酸化水平也显著升高（P<0.05）。结论：芍药苷抑制了TNBS诱导的UC大鼠结肠炎症并增加了结肠粘液层厚度,从而保护了肠道屏障功能,其机制可能与ERK信号通路的激活有关。     

肠道菌群对糖脂代谢影响的研究进展

目前越来越多的研究成果表明被誉为人类"第二基因组"的肠道菌群能够影响糖脂代谢,进而调节相应疾病。本文就肠道菌群的分布、种类、影响因素进行大体介绍,主要对肠道菌群与糖脂代谢疾病联系和肠道菌群调节糖脂代谢过程中可能存在的作用机理进行综述,希望能够对糖脂代谢疾病的临床诊治带来裨益,为在此领域上的研究者提供参考价值。     

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with three to seven aromatic rings by higher fungi in sterile and unsterile soils

Seven commercial 3- to 7-ring (R) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as well as PAH derived from lignite tar were spiked into 3 soils (0.8 to 9.7% of organic carbon). The disappearance of the original PAH was determined for the freshly spiked soils, for soils incubated for up to 287 d with their indigenous microflora, and for autoclaved, unsterile and pasteurized soils inoculated with basidiomycetous and ascomycetous fungi. Three to 12 d after spiking, 22 to 38% of the PAH could no longer be recovered from the soils. At 287 d, 88.5 to 92.7%, 83.4 to 87.4%, and 22.0 to 42.1% of the 3-, 4-, and 5- to 7-R PAH, respectively, had disappeared from the unsterile, uninoculated soils. In 2 organic-rich sterile soils, the groups of wood- and straw-degrading, terricolous, and ectomycorrhizal fungi reduced the concentration of 5 PAH by 12.6, 37.9, and 9.4% in 287 d. Five- to 7-R PAH were degraded as efficiently as most of the 3- to 4-R PAH. In organic-rich unsterile soils inoculated with wood- and straw-degrading fungi, the degradation of 3- to 4-R PAH was not accelerated by the presence of fungi.The 5- to 7-R PAH, which were not attacked by bacteria, were degraded by fungi to 29 to 42% in optimum combinations of fungal species and soil type. In organic-poor unsterile soil, these same fungi delayed the net degradation of PAH possibly for 2 reasons. Mycelia of Pleurotus killed most of the indigenous soil bacteria expected to take part in the degradation of PAH, whereas those of Hypholoma and Stropharia promoted the development of opportunistic bacteria in the soil, which must not necessarily be PAH degraders. Contemporarily, the contribution of the fungi themselves to PAH degradation may be negligible in the absence of soil organic matter due to the lower production of ligninolytic enzymes. It is concluded that fungi degrade PAH irrespective of their molecular size in organic-rich and wood chip-amended soils which promote fungal oxidative enzyme production.     

Intestinal permeability to lactulose and mannitol in growing rats with iron-deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency can have nonhematological manifestations, some of which may affect the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to determine if iron-deficiency anemia in growing rats affected small-bowel permeability as assessed by the urinary ratio of lactulose and mannitol. Thirty-seven male Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats (21 d of age) were randomly divided into two groups and fed either an iron-deficient (n=19) or an iron-sufficient diet (n=18) that contained either 13.5 or 43.8 mg of iron/kg diet, respectively. Animals were evaluated between 25 and 38 d of dietary treatment. Intestinal permeability was assessed by measuring the lactulose/mannitol urinary ratio following administration of a solution that contained the two sugars. At the end of the study, the mean body weight of rats fed the low-iron diet was approx 95% that of the controls. The mean hemoglobin (g/dL) was significantly lower in the low-iron diet group (11.2±1.4) than in the control group (16.9±0.8) (p=0.001). The liver iron concentration (μg/g) of the anemic group (41.4±4.7) was also statistically (p=0.001) lower than in the control group (116.6±18.2). The lactulose/mannitol ratio was lower in the anemic rats (2.0±0.7) than in the control group (2.6±0.7) (p=0.008), a finding that is not suggestive of intestinal mucosal atrophy, previously described in anemic children.     

免疫细胞与炎症介质在肠炎发病中的作用

肠炎的起因是多样的,但引起粘膜的损伤而出现各种临床症状的机制却是相似的。近年来免疫生物学,分子免疫学的发展对肠道粘膜免疫功能的了解有了巨大的进步。肠炎的起因是病原或过敏原刺激活化了先天免疫和特异免疫系统的细胞,由肠道上皮细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞分泌多种细胞因子,这些细胞因子再活化或动员更多的细胞,并进一步分泌更多的因子,形成病原、细胞和因子之间的级联反应。由细胞与因子的综合作用,造成肠道局部的炎症。炎症因子和抗炎因子比例的消长决定了炎症的转归和预后。对炎症因子及其拮抗剂作用机制的了解,将有助于肠炎的诊断和治疗。