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621.
Considerable amounts of molecular and genetic data indicate that interspecific hybridisation may not be rare among natural strains of Saccharomyces sensu stricto. Although a post-zygotic barrier operating during meiosis usually prevents the production of viable spores, stable hybrids can arise which can even evolve into distinct species. This study was aimed to analyse the genome of a fertile Saccharomyces cerevisiae x S. uvarum hybrid and monitor its changes over four filial generations of viable spores. The molecular genetic analysis demonstrated that the two species did not contribute equally to the formation and stabilisation of the hybrid genome. S. cerevisiae provided the mitochondrial DNA and the more stable part of the nuclear genome. The S. uvarum part of the hybrid nuclear genome became progressively smaller by loosing complete chromosomes and genetic markers in the course of successive meiotic divisions. Certain S. uvarum chromosomes were eliminated and/or underwent rearrangements in interactions with S. cerevisiae chromosomes. Numerous S. uvarum chromosomes acquired S. cerevisiae telomere sequences. The gradual elimination of large parts of the S. uvarum genome was associated with a progressive increase of sporulation efficiency. We hypothesise that this sort of genomic alterations may contribute to speciation in Saccharomyces sensu stricto. 相似文献
622.
Three doubled haploid lines of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] were crossed with maize (Zea mays L.), and five hormone treatments were applied to test their effect on the production of caryopses, embryos and haploid plants. The auxin treatments consisted of 100 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 5 mg/l or 50 mg/l dicamba and two combination mixtures of 95/5 mg/l and 50/50 mg/l 2,4-D plus dicamba, respectively. Hormones were added to the culture medium of the detached tillers. Differences were not observed among the four hormone treatments that contained dicamba, nevertheless, these treatments significantly increased the production of caryopses, embryos and haploid plants. On average, 8.9 caryopses, 2.6 embryos and 1.3 haploid plants per spike were obtained following the treatment with 100 mg/l 2,4-D, and 15.0 caryopses, 6.0 embryos and 3.0 haploid plants per spike were obtained following the various treatments with dicamba. We propose the application of dicamba alone, or dicamba plus 2,4-D, as a means for improving the yield of haploid plants of durum wheat through crosses with maize. 相似文献
623.
Rahman SM Uehara T 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology》2004,139(4):266-478
Interspecific and intraspecific morphological and fertilization variations were studied in three sibling species of Echinometra (known as sp. B, C and D) found off the coast of Okinawa, Japan. Eggs from C and D were readily fertilized by sperm from all three color morphs of B when the sperm concentrations were high, but no fertilization was observed when sperm of the former were mixed with eggs from the latter. Under limiting sperm concentrations, however, both C and D were incapable to fertilize reciprocally with B. In contrast, crossing between C and D produced fertilization membrane at high and limiting sperm concentrations in both directions. Interspecific crosses between B vs. C and B vs. D clearly showed that these combinations were reproductively isolated in contrast to that observed for crossing between C and D. Interestingly, intraspecific fertilization of B showed considerable morphological variation in addition to variability in fertilization success. Intraspecific fertilization and morphological variations may occur due to a number of genetic and/or non-genetic factors. While the underlying cause(s) remain to be elucidated, the results of the present study suggest that B is now speciating very slowly. 相似文献
624.
Hybrid lethality expressed in the interspecific hybrid of Nicotiana suaveolens Lehm. ×N. tabacum L. cv. Hicks-2 is one of the mechanisms for reproductive isolation and it is temperature-sensitive. Apoptotic changes were
detected in the cells of hybrid seedlings and calli expressing lethality at 28 °C but not under high-temperature conditions
(36 °C), when the lethality is suppressed. Condensation of chromatin, fragmentation of nuclei and cytoplasmic reduction are
the cytological changes associated with apoptosis leading to hybrid lethality. Fragmentation of nuclei was correlated with
the lethal symptoms in both hybrid seedlings and calli, as confirmed by fluorimetry of the nuclear DNA using laser scanning
cytometry. Agarose gel analysis of DNA extracted from hybrid seedlings and calli showing lethal symptoms revealed a specific
ladder pattern suggesting nucleosomal fragmentation which is one of the biochemical changes of apoptosis. In-situ detection
using terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-fluorescein nick end labeling (TUNEL) showed that this process
occurred in distinct stages on each organ of hybrid seedlings and centripetally in hybrid calli. From these results, we confirmed
that cell death inducing hybrid lethality was indeed apoptosis.
Received: 23 December 1999 / Accepted: 5 April 2000 相似文献
625.
早期分解中油松与阔叶树种凋落叶混合分解效应及其相互影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以油松( Pinus tabuliformis Carrière)和5种阔叶树的凋落叶为对象,使用分解袋法在室内进行为期6个月的针阔混合分解实验,研究产生的混合分解效应、针阔凋落叶对彼此分解速率的影响及其可能产生机理。结果显示:(1)油松分别与红桦( Betula albo-sinensis Burk.)、灰楸( Catalpa fargesii Bur.)、太白杨( Populus purdomii Rehd.)凋落叶混合对分解速率均产生加性效应,但其中油松凋落叶分解受到显著促进,而阔叶凋落叶分解受到显著抑制。油松与杜仲( Eucommia ulmoides Oliver)凋落叶混合时两者分解速率均显著降低,油松与槭树( Acer tsinglingense Fang et Hsieh)凋落叶混合时两者分解速率均显著提高;(2)总体而言,在蔗糖酶、羧甲基纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶参与凋落叶分解的主要时期,红桦、灰楸、太白杨分别与油松凋落叶混合分解使土壤中这3种酶的活性较油松单独分解时显著提高,而较阔叶凋落叶单独分解时显著降低;油松与杜仲混合分解使这3种酶活性较两者单独分解时显著降低,而油松与槭树混合分解则产生相反效果。本研究结果表明,从凋落叶混合分解对物质循环影响的角度考虑,红桦、灰楸、太白杨和槭树可以用于油松纯林的混交改造,但应注意混交对阔叶树种分解的抑制;杜仲与油松凋落叶混合分解将会妨碍彼此养分循环,不宜混交改造。 相似文献
626.
Teruyoshi Nagamitsu Hiroki Yamagishi Tanaka Kenta Naoki Inari Etsushi Kato 《Population Ecology》2010,52(1):123-136
A commercialized bumble bee pollinator (Bombus terrestris) introduced from Europe has colonized in Japan and potentially competes with native bumble bees for food and nest sites.
To examine the competitive impacts, a field removal experiment was conducted in an area in northern Japan where B. terrestris has become feral. In 2005 and 2006, totals of 1,511 and 2,978 B. terrestris bees, respectively, were killed in six removal sites. In those 2 years and the pre-removal year (2004), the bee abundance
and worker body size were measured in the six removal sites and seven control sites, and effects of the removal on the measurements
were examined using statistical models. In 2005 only, the removal decreased the number of B. terrestris queens and increased that of two native species, B. ardens and B. hypocrita, the tongue length of which overlaps that of B. terrestris. The removal in 2005 affected the worker body size of neither B. terrestris nor any native species. These results show the competitive impacts of exotic B. terrestris on the queen abundance of the native species that are likely to share floral resources with B. terrestris. 相似文献
627.
Classical chemostat models assume that competition is purely exploitative and mediated via a common, limiting and single resource. However, in laboratory experiments with pathogens related to the genetic disease Cystic Fibrosis, species specific properties of production, inhibition and consumption of a metabolic by-product, acetate, were found. These assumptions were implemented into a mathematical chemostat model which consists of four nonlinear ordinary differential equations describing two species competing for one limiting nutrient in an open system. We derive classical chemostat results and find that our basic model supports the competitive exclusion principle, the bistability of the system as well as stable coexistence. The analytical results are illustrated by numerical simulations performed with experimentally measured parameter values. As a variant of our basic model, mimicking testing of antibiotics for therapeutic treatments in mixed cultures instead of pure ones, we consider the introduction of a lethal inhibitor, which cannot be eliminated by one of the species and is selective for the stronger competitor. We discuss our theoretical results in relation to our experimental model system and find that simulations coincide with the qualitative behavior of the experimental result in the case where the metabolic by-product serves as a second carbon source for one of the species, but not the producer. 相似文献
628.
Mayuko Suwabe Hitoshi Ohnishi Tomonori Kikuchi Kengo Kawara Kazuki Tsuji 《Ecological Research》2009,24(3):637-643
Biological invasions by non-native tramp ants are reported throughout the world, particularly in island ecosystems. In Okinawa
Island, a subtropical island in south-western Japan, many tramp ants including the invasive ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes, already occur. In this study activity patterns of the ground-foraging tramp and native ants were investigated for one year
by using food bait traps at the forest edges where both categories of ants coexist. On a seasonal time scale, activity patterns
were different between exotic and native ants. Native ants are active and seemingly more dominant from spring to summer whereas
tramp ants become more dominant from autumn to winter. These results suggest there might be temporal niche partitioning between
tramp and native ants, and native ants might be able to dominate tramp ants in their suitable seasons. 相似文献
629.
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Despite the nutritional value and cultural importance, the biotechnological research on sesame is very limited. In this study, we have optimized a simple and efficient protocol for producing an interspecific hybrid between Sesamum alatum and S. indicum through ovule culture. In the cross S. alatum × S. indicum, capsule retention without embryo abortion was extended up to 7 days after pollination by spraying the growth regulator mixture containing 289 µM gibberellic acid (GA3), 80.6 µM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 23.3 µM kinetin. Direct organogenesis was successfully achieved when the ovules, excised from 7-day-old capsules, were cultured on MS medium containing 8.8 µM benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2.8 µM indole acetic acid (IAA) and 1712.3 µM glutamine. The regenerants produced roots on half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.27 µM NAA. Phenotypically, the S. alatum × S. indicum hybrid plants were intermediate to those of parents for majority of the traits. Cytological studies revealed normal meiosis in the hybrid without any chromosomal abnormalities. Peroxidase and esterase isozymes were demonstrated to be useful in the identification of hybrid plants. Screening against phyllody disease under greenhouse conditions revealed that the hybrids were moderately resistant. 相似文献
630.
黄颡鱼肠道内寄生棘头虫位置分布的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
长江丽棘虫和黄颡异1钩棘头虫单独在黄颡鱼肠中分布的相似性比例PS=0.684。它们共同寄生在黄颡鱼肠道内,长江丽棘虫的寄生部位向前移,黄颡异钩棘头虫的寄生部位明显向后移,生态位宽度变窄,生态位重叠值下降。但是,它们的平均感染强度并未降低,种间正关联显著。 相似文献