Cytological Studies of Hybrids of Roegneria ciliaris with R.alashanica and R.magnicaespes(Poaceae:Triticeae)

In order to investigate the relationships between Roegneria.ciliaris(Trin.)Nevski and R.alashanica Keng,and between R.ciliaris and R.magnicaespes D.F.Cui.R.ciliaris(Trin.)Nevski was crossed with the other two species,through the aid of embryo rescue. Hybrids were obtained from these two combinations.Chromosome pairing behavior of parents an dhybrids was observed at metaphase I of pollen mother cells. Meiotic configuratons were 10.62Ⅰ＋8.17Ⅱ＋0.32Ⅲ＋0.02Ⅳ for R.ciliaris×R.magnicaespes and 18.00Ⅰ＋4.76Ⅱ＋0.16Ⅲ for R.ciliaris ×R.magnicaespes;c-value of the two hybrids were 0.44 and 0.21,respectively.     

落叶松、水曲柳的氮营养行为及其种间分异

对已郁闭的12年生带状混交林和盆栽苗木的研究表明,落叶松和水曲柳在吸收空间的利用和吸收N素的时间(季节)、数量、形态诸方面都有不同的行为模式,二者存在着显著的种间差异.水曲柳根系发达,与落叶松混交能够保持固有的扎根习性不变,吸收根主要集中在土壤上层(0～20cm);落叶松根系在土壤上层受到水曲柳排斥,吸收根大量向下层(20～60cm)发展.在整个生长季中,两树种都有明显的N吸收峰期,水曲柳峰期出现在6月中下旬,落叶松峰期则出现在7月中下旬,二者是明显错开的.在吸收N素的数量上,水曲柳吸收量大,N利用效率较低;落叶松吸收量相对较小,N利用效率较高(比水曲柳高60.8%).在对N素养分化学形态的偏向选择方面,水曲柳较喜NO₃^--N,落叶松则对NO₃^--N和NH⁺-N无明显的偏好性.     

蒙古裸腹溞与褶皱臂尾轮虫的种间关系

在实验室内将蒙古裸腹溞按0．06、0．10、0．30、0．60个·ml^-1的密度与褶皱臂尾轮虫(密度为0．3个·ml。)进行}昆合培养,同时按上述密度分别单种培养了蒙古裸腹溞和褶皱臂尾轮虫作为对照．结果表明,蒙古裸腹溞与褶皱臂尾轮虫之间存在种间竞争,当二者共存时,褶皱臂尾轮虫对蒙古裸腹溞种群产生压制作用,使蒙古裸腹溞在混合培养体系中以很低的密度存在,而褶皱臂尾轮虫种群受蒙古裸腹溞影响不大．通过进一步的饥饿实验发现90％的褶皱臂尾轮虫经过144h饥饿后仍然存活,而经过120h饥饿后的蒙古裸腹溞100％死亡,褶皱臂尾轮虫耐饥饿能力较强是其在与蒙古裸腹溞竞争中获胜的原因之一。     

青海湖裸鲤体腔寄生蠕虫群落研究

青海湖裸鲤体腔为三种寄生蠕虫寄生,即裂头绦虫裂头蚴,舌状绦虫裂头蚴和对盲囊缄虫的三期幼虫,这几种蠕虫不同大小的青海湖裸鲤中数量差异很大,将其看作一个组分群落,并根据其发生数量进行模糊聚类和极点排序,结果将其分为二个亚组分群落,即体长小于１５０ｍｍ的青海湖裸鲤体腔蠕虫亚组分群落和体长大于１５０ｍｍ的个体的体腔蠕虫亚组分群落。这与宿主的行为和食性改变有密切关系,舌状绦虫与另两种蠕虫间有显著负协调关系。     

广州帽峰山次生林主要种群种间联结性研究

运用方差比率法(VR)、χ²统计量、2×2联列表和共同出现百分率对帽峰山次生林群落10000m²典型样地乔木层15个主要种群和灌木层9个主要种群进行种间联结的测定与分析,指出乔木层15个种群总体呈不显著的负联结,主要种群黄樟、三叉苦、鸭脚木和亮叶猴耳环只与极少数种群形成显著联结,与大部分种群联结关系较弱。灌木层9个种群整体为显著负联结,但主要种群三叉苦与九节、七裂叶悬钩子和假鹰爪呈显著正联结,鸭脚木与九节呈显著正联结,亮叶猴耳环与灌木层其它种群不存在显著联结关系。本文比较了多物种间总体关联性指标和3个成对物种间联结性测定指标的优缺点,并探讨了帽峰山生态公益林示范区次生林经营管理和可持续发展的基本途径。     

鼎湖山地带性植被种间联结变化研究

研究鼎湖山地带性植被厚壳桂属（Cryptocarya）群落种间联结15年的变化,以期揭示该群落随时间演替过程中种间关系的变化情况。结果表明,群落的优势种种类组成基本没变化,但与15年前比较,优势种群的种对正负联结比例基本一致,但种间关系趋向平缓,高的正或负联结系数值少见;阳生性的先锋种与中生性建群种的联结系数值增大;群落中的2个亚群丛分化更为明显。表明南亚热带地带性顶极群落稳定是相对的,而波动变化是明显的,尤其是当群落循环演替的进程加剧时。     

Intraspecific nestmate recognition in two parabiotic ant species: acquired recognition cues and low inter-colony discrimination

Parabiotic ants—ants that share their nest with another ant species—need to tolerate not only conspecific nestmates, but also nestmates of a foreign species. The parabiotic ants Camponotus rufifemur and Crematogaster modiglianii display high interspecific tolerance, which exceeds their respective partner colony and extends to alien colonies of the partner species. The tolerance appears to be related to unusual cuticular substances in both species. Both species possess hydrocarbons of unusually high chain lengths. In addition, Cr. modiglianii carries high quantities of hereto unknown compounds on its cuticle. These unusual features of the cuticular profiles may affect nestmate recognition within both respective species as well. In the present study, we therefore examined inter-colony discrimination within the two parabiotic species in relation to chemical differentiation. Cr. modiglianii was highly aggressive against workers from alien conspecific colonies in experimental confrontations. In spite of high inter-colony variation in the unknown compounds, however, Cr. modiglianii failed to differentiate between intracolonial and allocolonial unknown compounds. Instead, the cuticular hydrocarbons functioned as recognition cues despite low variation across colonies. Moreover, inter-colony aggression within Cr. modiglianii was significantly influenced by the presence of two methylbranched alkenes acquired from its Ca. rufifemur partner. Ca. rufifemur occurs in two varieties (‘red’ and ‘black’) with almost no overlap in their cuticular hydrocarbons. Workers of this species showed low aggression against conspecifics from foreign colonies of the same variety, but attacked workers from the respective other variety. The low inter-colony discrimination within a variety may be related to low chemical differentiation between the colonies. Ca. rufifemur majors elicited significantly more inter-colony aggression than medium-sized workers. This may be explained by the density of recognition cues: majors carried significantly higher quantities of cuticular hydrocarbons per body surface.     

同水塘分布两种无尾两栖类蝌蚪的竞争策略

实验室条件下,通过活动性水平,变态时的体重、增长率和完成变态所需时间考察同水塘分布的中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)和高原林蛙蝌蚪(Rana kukunoris)的竞争策略。实验按照2×3因子设计,即:食物资源2个水平(高、低),组合方式3个水平(10只中华蟾蜍蝌蚪,记为B组;5只中华蟾蜍蝌蚪和5只高原林蛙蝌蚪,记为BR组;10只高原林蛙蝌蚪,记为R组)。中华蟾蜍蝌蚪的活动性在食物水平低时显著低于食物水平高时,而高原林蛙蝌蚪的活动性在不同食物水平下无显著差异;食物水平低时,混合组的高原林蛙蝌蚪变态时体重和体重增长率都显著高于R组,而混合组中华蟾蜍蝌蚪与B组相比无显著差异;在不同处理组中,食物水平低时混合组中华蟾蜍蝌蚪幼体期最短。这些结果表明:中华蟾蜍蝌蚪在不同食物资源条件下所选择的生存策略可能不同,即食物资源充足时,增加活动性获取更多食物;食物资源有限时,降低活动性且提前完成变态;与中华蟾蜍蝌蚪相比,在食物资源有限时高原林蛙蝌蚪获取食物能力更强。     

伊比利亚河共生的当年生鳟和埃布罗河鳟的夏季摄食关系

1996-1998年8月在Larraun河(埃布罗河流域,西班牙北部)共捕获306尾埃布罗河(鱼岁)和185尾0龄的鳟,分析比较了胃含物组成,并测定了种间的食物重叠.食物的个数百分比组成表明两种都主要摄食水生无脊椎动物.摄食策略图显示两种都是摄食不同食物 种类的广食性种类.另外,比较胃含物和底栖大型无脊椎动物群落表明,0龄的鳟和埃布罗河(鱼岁)不摄食光螺科、钩虾科、细蜉科、 四节蜉科和卷襀科的物种,而喜食摇蚊科、五节蜉科和毛翅目物种.尽管简化的Morisitas指数表明Larraun河中这两种鱼之间的食物重叠是显著的,但由于栖息地不同和摄食的可塑性可以降低种间的竞争,使得该水域的这两种鱼能以相对较大的数量共存.然而,在食物资源和可用栖息地有限的河域,埃布罗河(鱼岁)的引入,其适应性和可塑性有可能威胁单独存在的鳟     

猕猴桃属美味猕猴桃和毛花猕猴桃种间杂交的胚胎学和胚援救

本文报道美味猕猴桃(Actintdia delictosa cv.Hayward)(6x)和毛花猕猴桃(A.eria-ntha)(2x)杂交当代种子的胚胎学分析和胚援救的结果:1.根据杂交种子外部形态和胚胎发育程度,区分为正常的和败育的两类,其比率接近1:1。正常种子的胚发育分化正常,且含有适量胚乳。败育种子中,除少数不含胚和胚乳外,绝大多数种子的胚发育终止于球形、心形和早子叶阶段,胚体畸形。胚乳处于消失或完全解体。2.在被试8组培养基中,最适合胚萌发和生长的是:MS+IAA0.5ppm+GA_30.5ppm,MS+2ip2ppm+IAA0.5ppm+GA_30.5ppm和 MS+2ip2ppm+GA_30.5ppm。适于实生苗生长的培养基为 MS+GA_30.5ppm 和 MS 培养基。在 MS+BAP2ppm 和 MS+IAA0.5ppm+GA_30.5ppm 培养基上,一些正常种子和少数不正常种子胚的下胚轴直接形成了许多不定芽,从而诱导产生了更多的杂种植株。但是在MS十BAP2ppm+GA_30.5ppm,MS+BAP2ppm+IAA0.5ppm 和 MS+2ip2ppm+GA_30.5ppm培养基上,虽然胚产生了愈伤组织,但都未分化出器官。杂种实生苗根尖细胞近半数的含有近4倍性染色体数(4x=116),约半数为其他倍性。