洋山港潮间带大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性

2009-2010年在洋山港海域大洋山岛和圣姑礁进行四个季度潮间带大型底栖动物生态学研究。共采集到大型底栖动物61种,以广布种为主,部分为河口低盐种,其中软体动物22种,环节动物16种,节肢动物12种,苔藓动物5种,腔肠动物4种,星虫动物和棘皮动物各1种。优势种为短滨螺(Littorina brevicula)、多齿围沙蚕(Perinereis nuntia)、日本笠藤壶(Tetraclita japonica)、齿纹蜒螺(Nerita yoldii)和特异大权蟹(Macromedaeus distinguendus)。丰度和生物量在不同季节明显不同(P<0.05):丰度的最高值出现在春季,为(3204.9±837.84)个/m²,最低值出现在秋季,仅为(2213.2±731.27)个/m²;生物量的最高值则出现在夏季(2233.2±1493.42)g/m²,冬季最少,仅为(819.95±484.80) g/m²。大洋山岛和圣姑礁的丰度和生物量具有较大差异(P<0.05):年均丰度以大洋山断面较高,为(3090±742.74)个/m²,圣姑礁断面较低,为(2133±372.51)个/m²;而年均生物量则以圣姑礁断面较高,为(1711.1±1180.76) g/m²,大洋山断面较低,仅为(1028.5±627.61) g/m²。运用ABC曲线、等级聚类和MDS对大型底栖动物群落结构分析发现:大洋山潮带间大型底栖动物群落尚未受到干扰或干扰较轻,群落结构相对稳定;而圣姑礁断面的潮间带大型底栖动物群落受到了中度的干扰,群落结构稳定性下降。与15年前的研究相比,圣姑礁大型底栖动物的密度和生物量均有大幅度的降低,这与洋山港海域盐度的升高、生态环境变化和人为干扰强度增加等有关。     

Feeding strategy and growth of cyprinids in the littoral zone of Lake Balaton

The growth, diet and feeding strategy of five phytophil or phytolithophil species of Cyprinidae from the littoral habitats of Lake Balaton were investigated by examining their scales and foregut contents. The relationships between the total anterior radii of scales and the standard lengths were represented best by a power function for white bream Blicca bjoerkna , and linear functions for common bream Abramis brama , roach Rutilus rutilus and wild goldfish Carassius auratus gibelio , respectively. The backcalculated mean lengths for the first age groups of common bream, white bream and roach did not differ statistically from those obtained by direct observation on 0 group fish in late November 1995. Compared to other waters, common bream grows slowly, wild goldfish and roach rapidly, while the growth rate of white bream can be considered of medium speed in Lake Balaton. Common bream showed a generalized feeding pattern, consuming mainly chironomid larvae, detritus and Corophium curvispinun . Roach showed a clear shift between specialization for Dreissena and algae. Despite the dense population of D. polymorpha in the lake, the significance of the herbivorous adaptation of roach has not yet been made clear. Wild goldfish consumed mainly detritus but, in the open water region, it shifted to zooplankton. White bream preyed chiefly on D. polymorpha , but showed a mixed feeding pattern and utilized most of the available food resources. Carp had the most specialized feeding strategy and preyed mainly on D. polymorpha . According to the discriminant analysis, the five cyprinids exhibited significant food resource partitioning.     

Many a slip: dissecting the causes of reproductive isolation in two species of Tegenaria spiders (Agelenidae)

Key to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the process of speciation is the determination of the nature of the barriers to gene flow between related taxa. Species that show zero gene flow in sympatry or parapatry are of little use in this respect. In the present study, we used two closely‐related species of large house spider, Tegenaria saeva and Tegenaria gigantea, which hybridize to a limited extent along a natural contact zone in southern Britain. The species are apparently indistinguishable with respect to habitat utilization and phenology. Laboratory crosses using individuals from both allopatric and parapatric populations suggest that, although male and female courtship, as well as web and cuticular‐borne pheromones, are conserved between the species, mechanical difficulties are experienced during interspecific copulation. Copulation bouts are, on average, significantly shorter during interspecific matings because of these difficulties, and are probably not sufficiently long for effective sperm transfer to take place. In the two cases of successful interspecific crossing, and in subsequent F₁ and backcross generations, there are few indications of differential fertility, fecundity or viability, suggesting little post‐zygotic incompatibility. The high success rate of crosses between F₁ hybrids and both parental species underlines the principally mechanical barrier to gene flow between these taxa. Once this is breached, there appears to be little impediment to continuing introgression, which could, in some geographical areas at least, ultimately lead to the fusion of the two species. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113 , 355–367.     

广西沿海红海榄造林的宜林临界线

2004年8月—2005年8月,在广西英罗湾滩涂上建造8个高程梯度(320~390cm,相邻梯级间高度差10cm)的试验平台,研究全日潮海区潮汐淹水胁迫对红海榄幼苗生长和生理指标的影响.结果表明:小高程(320~330cm)生境对红海榄幼苗茎高生长有微弱促进作用,340cm以上高程组幼苗茎高随滩涂高程增加而增大.中等高程(350~370cm)有利于幼苗茎节数的增长.滩涂高程越低,幼苗叶数、叶面积和叶保存率越低.小高程组幼苗叶片叶绿素a受损明显,叶绿素b则受损相对较轻;叶绿素a/b值随滩涂高程降低而减少.长时间淹水诱导使根系中SOD活性上升,叶片中则表现为中等高程组酶活性较低.叶片和根系中POD活性均随高程降低而增加.淹水胁迫使红海榄幼苗各器官及全株的生物量降低;随着淹水程度加大,新生器官生物量分配比例由叶向茎转移.随着高程降低,幼苗存活率从88.9%降至40.0%,但370cm以上高程组存活率均在80%以上.建议将当地平均海面线作为广西沿海红海榄胚轴造林的宜林临界线.     

关中-天水经济区生态系统服务权衡与协同关系

陆地表层植被作为生态系统主体,具有调节气候、水文调节、净化水质、保持水土等生态系统服务。理解生态系统服务权衡与协同的表现类型、形成机理、尺度依存和区域差异,对于制定区域发展与生态保护"双赢"的政策措施具有重要意义。以关天经济区为主要研究对象,利用相关模型,计算关天经济区生态系统NPP,固碳释氧,水文调节,水土保持,粮食生产等生态系统服务价值,利用ESCI和ESSI两个指数研究其生态系统服务价值时空变化,利用相关系数和空间制图的方法研究它们之间的相互权衡协同关系。结果表明:从时间角度分析,各项生态服务价值都呈现逐渐增加的趋势;从空间角度分析,2000年和2010年存在相似的空间分布格局,从北向南,NPP和固碳释氧的价值逐渐增大,水土保持价值变化量的大小也呈现不断增加的趋势,北部变化量小,南部变化量大,水文调节价值从西向东增大,从北向南增大,粮食生产价值量最小的是西安市市区,粮食生产价值量最大的是西安市的郊区和郊县及咸阳市。2000年到2010年间,调节型生态系统服务与供给型生态系统服务之间存在着此消彼长的权衡关系;各个区县的总生态服务价值指数从北向南、从西向东是不断增大的。     

干藏和淹水对三峡库区21种草本植物种子萌发的影响

研究了三峡库区河岸带21种常见草本植物种子在干藏以及不同淹水深度（0.5、1.0和2.0m）处理下的萌发特性。结果表明：以新采集种子的萌发率作为对照,干藏后8个物种的萌发率增加（占总数的38.1%）,1种萌发率不变（4.8%）,12种萌发率降低（57.1%）。与对照相比,淹水后3个物种的萌发率增加（占总数的14.3%）,2个物种的萌发率不变（9.5%）,16个物种的萌发率下降（76.2%）。水淹处理后,占总数76.2%的物种的萌发率下降,其中11种显著下降;但淹水深度对种子的萌发没有显著影响。干藏后的繁穗苋（Amaranthus paniculatus）、皱果苋（Amaranthus viridis）和红刺果苋（Amaranthus sp.）以及水淹后的鳢肠（Eclipta prostrata）萌发率〉50%,而且能够利用库区退水期完成生活史形成种子,表明这些植物可作为三峡库区消落带植被恢复时优先考虑的物种源。     

毛乌素沙地柠条群体分子生态学 初步研究：RAPD证据

毛乌素沙地柠条群体是一个杂种带。为了进一步阐明分子变异和基因流与生境或生态过渡带的联系,应用ＲＡＰＤ标记开展了柠条群体的分子生态学研究。根据ＲＡＰＤ数据利用Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ信息指数估计了６个柠条群体的遗传多样性,发现大部分的分子变异存在于柠条群体之内（８２．４％）,只有少部分的分子变异存在于群体之间（１７．６％）。又利用Ｎｅｉ指数统计了ＲＡＰＤ数据,也证实了大部分的遗传变异存在于群体之内。柠条锦鸡儿群体与中间锦鸡儿群体的遗传分化系数和遗传距离都很小。以上结果都肯定了柠条群体间和种间的基因流动。无论是从多态位点比率还是群体的遗传多样性来看,硬梁和硬梁覆沙群体是最小的,滩地覆沙群体则具有较高的水平。某些ＲＡＰＤ扩增片段的频率在柠条群体间有规律的变化也许具有着特殊的生态学意义,更可能是中性突变的随机固定。根据以上研究可以得出下列结论：①通过比较Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ指数和Ｎｅｉ指数的统计结果,可以认为,对于异交植物来讲,Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ指数在统计ＲＡＰＤ数据方面有用。②毛乌素沙地柠条群体之间存在着强大的基因流,物种的杂交性与生态过渡性一致     

Echinococcus granulosus: secretory activity of the rostellum of the adult cestode in situ in the dog.

Secretary activities associated with the rostellum of adult Echinococcus granulosus were studied using histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural techniques, following rapid fixation of the cestodes in situ in the small intestine of the anaesthetised dog. Studies concentrated on the host-parasite interface from 30 to 35 days postinfection. At this time, contraction of the muscular rostellar pad appeared to be associated with extension of the apical rostellum into a crypt of Lieberkühn. Crypt invasion by the apical rostellum coincided with morphological changes and secretory activity in a group of modified tegumental cells, previously referred to as the rostellar gland. Secretory material, a cystine-rich protein, was observed in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the rostellar gland cells. Release of this material into the interface was seen only following crypt invasion by the apical rostellum. Although the mechanism of release is not clear, it may be analagous to holocrine secretory mechanisms, since apparent degeneration of the rostellar gland region was associated with secretion. Possible functional activities of the secretion associated with hook formation, nutrition, regulation, adhesion, and protection are discussed.     

好氧高温猪粪堆肥中重金属砷、铜、锌的形态变化及钝化剂的影响

采用连续提取法研究了猪粪好氧堆肥处理中重金属浓度和形态的变化以及添加不同比例的重金属钝化剂对其浓度和形态的影响.结果表明：经过堆肥处理后,猪粪中重金属As、Cu和Zn的总浓度均有所增加.从重金属结合形态的变化来看,可交换态As和Zn含量降低,残渣态As和Zn含量升高,表明As和Zn存在着向有效性相对较低的形态转化的趋势;重金属Cu则表现出不同的变化趋势,即可交换态与残渣态Cu含量下降,而碳酸盐结合态、铁锰结合态及有机结合态Cu含量有所增加,在今后的堆肥利用中应注意其可能带来的环境风险;3种重金属钝化剂及不同添加比例的处理中,5.0%的海泡石和2.5%的膨润土分别对重金属As、Zn表现出较好的钝化效果,堆肥后残渣态As和Zn的增幅分别达到79.8%和158.6%,均高于不加钝化剂处理.与对照相比,堆肥后7.5%的海泡石对残渣态Cu的降低幅度最小,为39.3%.猪粪堆肥中添加适量的重金属钝化剂,可以在一定程度上降低重金属的有效性以及猪粪堆肥利用中重金属污染的风险.