杂交水稻国际推广的现状与策略

杂交水稻是我国独创的一项重大农业科技成果.概述了杂交水稻国际推广的现状,分析了杂交水稻国际推广的前景,指出了在杂交水稻国际推广中存在的主要问题和制约因素,并提出了加快杂交水稻国际推广的策略.     

兽用疫苗管理与控制的国际标准

兽用疫苗是兽医医学产品,需接受像医学产品相同或相似的管理和控制标准,这意味着动物疫苗必须满足复杂的要求,保障产品在预期使用条件下的质量、安全性和免疫效力.在动物医药领域中,欧盟和美国的动物疫苗管理和控制体系发展早,制度完整,为其他国家和地区建立良好的动物疫苗管理与控制标准提供了有价值的参考信息.另外,统一各个国家和地区...     

Damp Rooms and Saying ‘Please’: Mimesis and Alterity in the Host Family Space in Study-Abroad Experiences

Study-abroad programs are a ‘globalizing project’ developed at the intersection of educational institutions seeking new income sources and the ideologies that the world is comprised of a mosaic of cultures and that ‘intercultural experience’ is valuable. While research on study-abroad programs often focuses on their effect on the students’ ‘global competence’ and language proficiency, this article focuses on the space, the space of host family in particular, produced in study-abroad programs. Study-abroad programs here are perceived in a wide sense to include various programs for students to go to another country to study.

Study-abroad guidebooks and researchers portray the host family's life as constituting a quintessential ‘native life’, in which study-abroad students should be immersed. However, based on ethnographic fieldwork in Aotearoa/New Zealand, this article argues that the distinction between ‘cultural difference’ and ‘cultural sameness’ is a construction, resulting in mutual accommodation and intolerant judgments, respectively. That is, when host parents recognised the ‘cultural difference’ of the foreign students’ behaviour, they often sought to understand meanings behind the behaviour, resulting in mutual accommodation. It turned the space into what Michael Taussig calls the ‘space between’, in which it is unclear who is imitating whom. When the host parents recognised ‘cultural sameness’ based on superficial similarity, however, their efforts to understand meanings behind behaviour was halted and, when the behaviour was considered problematic, led to the student being asked to move out. This article details an ironic space of study abroad where alterity inspired tolerance and similarity inspired intolerance.     

DIASPORIC GENERATIONS. MEMORY,POLITICS AND NATION AMONG CUBANS IN SPAIN

Both national and international studies of education often show that the performance of immigrant students is substantially lower than that of non-immigrant students. This article investigates the contribution of socio-economic, sociocultural and school factors to the relative performance of first- and second-generation immigrant students in twenty countries using data from the OECD's 2000 Program for International Student Assessment. In most countries, socio-economic factors substantially account for the weaker performance of immigrant students, whereas sociocultural factors contribute little and school factors are important in only a limited number of instances. Altogether, these factors account for the bulk of the difference in achievement between immigrant and non-immigrant students in almost all the countries examined.     

Small acts,Big Society: sewa and Hindu (nationalist) identity in Britain

This paper examines developing Hindu identity in a British context. It focuses on a recent initiative known as Sewa Day, an annual day dedicated to the provision of sewa, or service, as small-scale social action in local communities. Hindu nationalist organizations such as the Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh have been central to promoting and taking part in Sewa Day. The paper asks what purpose is served by the drive to promote social action in this way, arguing that it represents a significant attempt to project Hindus as model citizens, contributors to what the UK government has termed the ‘Big Society’. The paper explores the implications of this project in terms of its ability to re-situate the politics of Hindu nationalism in relation to dominant registers of civic virtue.     

International Actions Against IUU Fishing and the Adoption of National Plans of Action

This article examines the National Plans of Action (NPOAs) adopted by selected States to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Despite some minor differences between States’ NPOAs, the NPOAs generally are similar to what was envisioned in the International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing adopted in 2001.     

Managing Adjacency: Some Legal Aspects of the Relationship Between the Extended Continental Shelf and the International Seabed Area

The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (1973–1982) struck a difficult compromise between the definition of the outer limits of the extended continental shelf (ECS) in relation to the international seabed area (the Area) and the making of payments and contributions by the coastal state in relation to production activities on its ECS in Article 82. The implementation of Article 82 underscores a broader and more far-reaching relationship between the continental shelf, and the ECS in particular, and the Area. In some regions there may be a relationship between the exclusive economic zone and the Area, where there is no ECS. Effectively, the relationship translates into realities and expectations of good neighborliness. This article examines this relationship and the possible approaches for the management of identified challenges.     

The 1985 guinea/guinea‐bissau maritime boundary case and its implications

The 1985 Guinea/Guinea‐Bissau maritime boundary case was a landmark decision in maritime delimitation. For the first time, sub‐Saharan African states resorted to third‐party settlement, thereby making a significant contribution to the developing state practice on maritime delimitation. The Arbitration Tribunal took an unprecedented “regional approach,”; which had a direct effect on the two neighboring countries, Senegal and Sierra Leone. The Award provides lessons for unresolved conflicts and has implications for areas of future dispute such as in the Gulf of Guinea, where Cameroon has initiated proceedings against Nigeria.     

Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency in the Slovak population: Genotype–phenotype correlations and genotype-based predictions of BH4-responsiveness

We investigated the mutation spectrum of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (PAH) in a cohort of patients from 135 Slovak PKU families. Mutational screening of the known coding region, including conventional intron splice sites, was performed using high-resolution melting analysis, with subsequent sequencing analysis of the samples showing deviated melting profiles compared to control samples. The PAH gene was also screened for deletions and duplications using MLPA analysis. Forty-eight different disease causing mutations were identified in our patient group, including 30 missense, 8 splicing, 7 nonsense, 2 large deletions and 1 small deletion with frameshift; giving a detection rate of 97.6%. The most prevalent mutation was the p.R408W, occurring in 47% of all alleles, which concurs with results from neighboring and other Slavic countries. Other frequent mutations were: p.R158Q (5.3%), IVS12 + 1G>A (5.3%), p.R252W (5.1%), p.R261Q (3.9%) and p.A403V (3.6%). We also identified three novel missense mutations: p.F233I, p.R270I, p.F331S and one novel variant: c.− 30A>T in the proximal part of the PAH gene promoter. A spectrum of 84 different genotypes was observed and a genotype based predictions of BH4-responsiveness were assessed. Among all genotypes, 36 were predicted to be BH4-responsive represented by 51 PKU families. In addition, genotype–phenotype correlations were performed.     

Cox-2 gene variants in migraine

Purpose

Migraine is a multifactorial and complex disorder, and any clear diagnostic marker to assess the status of the migraineurs has not been established, yet. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce production of prostanoids including PGE2 by inhibiting COX-1 and/or COX-2, and thereby suppress inflammatory pain in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and migraine. Thus, COX-2 regulation is important in the pathogenesis and treatment of migraine. We prospectively investigated COX-2-765G → C and COX-2-1195A → G gene polymorphisms which may account for an increased risk of migraine.

Methods

The present analyses are based on 144 case subjects with migraine disease and 123 non-case subjects. Genotyping of COX-2 gene polymorphisms (COX-2-765G → C, COX-2-1195A → G) was detected by PCR-RFLP.

Results

We, for the first time, demonstrated positive association of COX-2 gene variants with an increased risk for development of migraine. Carriers of COX-2-765 C + genotype in controls were higher than in the patients (57.7% and 36.1% respectively; P < 0.0001) and the frequencies of G + genotype in patients were higher than in the controls (97.9% and 88.6% respectively; P: 0.002). In addition, frequencies of COX-2-765 GG and GC genotypes in patients were higher than in the controls (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001 respectively). It seems that COX-2-765 G + genotype had increased and COX-2-765 C + genotype had decreased risk for migraine. In COX-2-1195 polymorphism only AG genotype was statistically significantly different in patients than in the controls (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our findings have suggested that COX-2-765 G + genotype could facilitate the development of migraine disease.