干燥方式对尾巨桉树皮提取物总三萜含量及其杀螺活性的影响

为探讨干燥方式对尾巨桉树皮提取物总三萜含量的影响和其杀螺作用机理,实验以尾巨桉树皮为研究对象,比较鼓风干燥和冷冻干燥两种干燥方式对其树皮乙醇提取物总三萜含量及杀螺活性的影响。结果表明,当乙醇体积分数为60%时,鼓风干燥和冷冻干燥的尾巨桉树皮乙醇提取物中总三萜含量最高,分别为10.81%和13.90%。两种干燥方式得到的尾巨桉树皮乙醇提取物对福寿螺均有较强的毒杀活性,在50mg/L的浓度下处理72h,福寿螺的死亡率分别到达93.1%和100.00%;同时尾巨桉树皮提取物还能显著抑制福寿螺离水上爬,抑制效果优于同浓度下的对照药剂茶皂素(P<0.05)。与空白对照组相比,经鼓风干燥的尾巨桉树皮提取物处理后,福寿螺头足和肝脏的蛋白质含量变化不大(P>0.05);经过冷冻干燥的尾巨桉树皮提取物处理后,福寿螺头足中蛋白质含量显著降低(P<0.05),而肝脏中蛋白质含量无明显变化(P>0.05)。鼓风干燥和冷冻干燥的尾巨桉树皮提取物均可有效抑制福寿螺头足部中LDH、AKP和AST/GOT的活性(P<0.05)以及肝脏中ALT/GPT和AST/GOT的活性(P<0.05)。冷冻干燥的尾巨桉树皮提取物中三萜含量以及杀螺活性均高于鼓风干燥的树皮提取物。     

Obtention d'épinastie des cotylédons de Sinapis alba en éclairement rouge Iointain continu.

Obtention of epinasty in the cotyledons of Sinapis alba under continuous far-red illumination. Relation to the development of hypocotyl and cotyledons. Treatment by far red light induces epinasty of the cotyledonary leaf. The effects of light treatments of different intensities were recorded for hypocotyl length, percentage of epinasty and the cotyledon leaf area. The percentage of epinasty increases as a function of treatment duration and light intensity. As from the second day of treatment a correlation is obtained between the percentage of epinasty and hypocotyl length when the seedlings are given far-red light treatment of different durations.     

Sulphate and micronutrients can modulate the expression levels of myrosinases in Sinapis alba plants

The myrosinase‐glucosinolate system is considered to be a major component of the preformed defence system of Brassicaceae species. This hypothesis has influenced the belief that the components of the myrosinase‐glucosinolate system are present at fixed levels which are independent of environmental factors. In the present study we show that external availability of nutrients can modulate the expression levels of myrosinase enzymes (EC 3.2.3.1). Nutrients such as sulphate, iron, copper, zinc and manganese were tested for their modulation effect on myrosinase expression levels and activity in roots, stems, cotyledons and buds of Sinapis alba seedlings at four different developmental stages. The most sensitive organ was the bud where iron deficiency approximately doubled the myrosinase activity. Removal of sulphate and all four micronutrients reduced the myrosinase activity to approximately half of the activity in plants supplemented with all these nutrients. The myrosinase polypeptides can be divided into classes based on molecular mass after reduction. The nutritional status influenced mainly the 68‐kDa class of myrosinases as revealed by western blot and laser scan densitometry of the immunolabelled blots.     

Measurements of redox activity at the plasmalemma

Salt (NaCl) tolerance of 3 eucalypt species ( Eucalyptus alba Reinw. ex Bl., E. camaldulensis Dehnh and E. microtheca f.v. Muell.) was studied: three-month-old seedlings grown in a greenhouse were watered by a saline solution (up to 700 m M ) for 1 month. Mineral, water and sugar contents were highly affected by the saline stress. Sodium, K and Ca were accumulated in the leaves. No significant differences were found between E. camaldulensis and E. microtheca , the tolerant species, in water and mineral contents. Sugar contents were greater in E. microtheca . In E. microtheca Na was highly accumulated in roots [up to 910 μmol (g fresh weight)⁻¹], less in stems [up to 580 μmol (g fresh weight)-1] and leaves [up to 410 μmol (g fresh weight)^−r]. Chloride was also accumulated, its content was greater than the total content of Na and K, especially in the salt-tolerant provenance. Potassium and Ca contents were variously affected by the saline stress whereas soluble protein, amino acid and sugar contents were increased. Just after the saline stress, plants showed a large increase in the Na content of the leaf while the decrease in the K content of the stem and leaf continued. Plants were killed by the stress, probably because of too high accumulation of Na in leaves or roots according to the provenance. Osmoregulation and especially the participation of Na are discussed.     

The mid-Holocene extinction of silver fir (Abies alba) in the Southern Alps: a consequence of forest fires? Palaeobotanical records and forest simulations

Pollen records suggest that Abies alba played a dominating role in both the montane and lowland forests at the border of the Southern Alps between ca. 8500 and 5700 years ago. Two major declines in fir, at about 7300–7000 cal b.p. and at ca. 6000 cal b.p., followed by the local extinction of the species are characteristic of the area below ca. 1000 m a.s.l. In order to test the impact of fire on the population dynamics of silver fir, a dynamic model (DisCForm) with a fire module was applied to simulate the early- and mid-Holocene forest development. Simulation outputs based on different fire scenarios were compared with the pollen record from Lago di Annone (226 m a.s.l.). The marked Abies decreases shown in the pollen record can be simulated with very intensive fire scenarios, but they do not result in an extinction of silver fir in the model. Low charcoal influx values related to the Abies declines in the palaeobotanical record suggest that fire was not the only reason for the extinction of silver fir. Human impact, as well as Holocene climatic changes leading to temporary moisture deficits and reduced adaptability due to low genetic variation may have had a significant impact on the Abies forests.     

Transferability and characterization of nine microsatellite markers for the tropical tree species Tabebuia roseo-alba

Microsatellite loci that were previously developed in the tropical tree Tabebuia aurea were used for the genetic analysis of Tabebuia roseo-alba populations. Nine of 10 simple sequence repeat markers were amplified, and the polymorphism was assessed in 58 individuals sampled from two stands in southeastern Brazil. All loci were polymorphic with Mendelian inheritance. The allele numbers were high, ranging from 5 to 13 in population I and 3 to 7 in population II, with means of 8.9 and 5.5, respectively. We conclude that these markers can be efficiently used for parentage and gene-flow studies.     

桑枝提取物及抗炎作用研究

桑支（Ramulus mori)乙醇提取物经不同有机溶剂萃取,浓缩得到石油醚提取物（I）,乙酸乙酯提取物（Ⅱ）和正丁醇提取物（Ⅲ）三部分,分别进行定性分析。并灌胃给药进行抗炎实验,结果显示,I和Ⅲ的0.30g/kg组对二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀有明显的抑制作用,I的0.15g/kg组有明显的抑制毛细血管通透性的作用。     

Conifer decline in the north-east of France: Characteristic changes in chloroplast protein pattern and absence of anti-oxidative defense capability point to an involvement of ozone

A method yielding intact and biologically active chloroplasts from needles of mature spruce ( Picea abies L. cv. Karsten) or fir ( Abies alba Mill.) growing in the field is presented. Using this method, chloroplasts were prepared from yellow and green needles of declining spruce and fir from two forest areas of the Vosges mountains (north-east of France). Both quantitative and qualitative changes could be shown in the two-dimensional chloroplast protein pattern of yellowing needles, as compared to that of apparently healthy needles. We observed that an accumulation of photosystem II D1-protein in the thylakoids was associated with needle decline. Furthermore, a lack of resistance capability against free radical attack was observed in yellow needles. We have attempted to correlate our observations with pollutant levels and we propose that, in the forest areas studied, O₃ is one of the main factors involved in conifer decline. It also appears from our results that decline and senescence are distinct phenomena.     

Poplar PtabZIP1‐like enhances lateral root formation and biomass growth under drought stress

Developing drought‐resistance varieties is a major goal for bioenergy crops, such as poplar (Populus), which will be grown on marginal lands with little or no water input. Root architecture can affect drought resistance, but few genes that affect root architecture in relation to water availability have been identified. Here, using activation tagging in the prime bioenergy crop poplar, we have identified a mutant that overcomes the block of lateral root (LR) formation under osmotic stress. Positioning of the tag, validation of the activation and recapitulation showed that the phenotype is caused by the poplar PtabZIP1‐like (PtabZIP1L) gene with highest homology to bZIP1 from Arabidopsis. PtabZIP1L is predominantly expressed in roots, particularly in zones where lateral root primordia (LRP) initiate and LR differentiate and emerge. Transgenics overexpressing PtabZIP1L showed precocious LRP and LR development, while PtabZIP1L suppression significantly delayed both LRP and LR formation. Transgenic overexpression and suppression of PtabZIP1L also resulted in modulation of key metabolites like proline, asparagine, valine and several flavonoids. Consistently, expression of both of the poplar Proline Dehydrogenase orthologs and two of the Flavonol Synthases genes was also increased and decreased in overexpressed and suppressed transgenics, respectively. These findings suggest that PtabZIP1L mediates LR development and drought resistance through modulation of multiple metabolic pathways.     

Comparative study of QTLs for agronomic traits of riceOriza sativa L.) between salt stress and nonstress environment

Genotype-by-environment interactions (GxE) are commonly observed for quantitative traits. In the present study, a doubled haploid (DH) population and its genetic linkage map were used to comparatively study QTLs in salt stress and nonstress environments. A total of 24 QTLs were detected for five agronomic traits, which were distributed on all the chromosomes except 9 and 11. Under the salt stress, nine (37.5%) QTLs were detected, including one for 1 000-grain weight (GW), two for heading date (HD), one for plant height (PH), two for grains per panicle (GPP), and three for effective tillers (ET), while in the nonstress environment, 17 QTLs (70.8%) were detected, including five for GW, six for HD, three for PH, two for GPP, and one for ET. Two QTLs (8.3%) were consistently detected in both environments. One was identified on chromosome 4 for HD and the other on Chr.6 for GPP. Furthermore, three regions carrying multiple QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1, 4 and 8 respectively. For example, on chromosome 8, three QTLs for HD, GW and PH, respectively were identified between RG885-GA408 in nonstress environment, but not in the stress environment. The comparative study of QTLs detected in extremely different (salt stress and nonstress) environments revealed that there existed several QTLs for important agronomic traits on chromosome 8 which were affected significantly by salt stress.