北京东直门医院东区管理体制改革模式探讨

2010年北京中医药大学东直门医院与北京市通州区中医医院按照“一院两区”、“管办分开”的法人治理模式,实行全面整合,通州区中医医院正式挂牌成为“北京中医药大学东直门医院东区”, 以实现医疗资源合理配置。 通过对北京中医药大学东直门医院东区2014年医疗服务能力、业务范围、科研成果、人才建设、基础设施建设等方面数据统计结果和合并前数据进行比较,医院在医疗、教学、科研、人才建设及基础建设方面都取得了明显的成效。     

Evaluation of radiotagging techniques and their application to survival analysis of Red‐legged Partridge Alectoris rufa chicks

A better knowledge of chick survival rates is required to enable understanding of the population dynamics of gamebirds and to develop management measures to conserve their populations. The Red‐legged Partridge Alectoris rufa is a highly valued game species in Spain but its populations have declined in recent decades. A lack of appropriate monitoring methods has been a limitation in gaining information on the mortality of Red‐legged Partridge chicks. We developed methods for the effective radiotagging of chicks in captivity and applied these methods in the field in northern Spain to estimate survival during the first 5 months of life. The most effective method for radiotagging captive chicks between 3 and 8 days old involved gluing small tags directly to the skin in the interscapular space using cyanoacrylate adhesive. Backpack harness tags attached with elastic bands were the most effective method of radiotagging 4‐week‐old chicks. Predation was the main cause of chick mortality identified during the field experiments. Survival between hatching and 5 months of age was estimated to be 16–21%. The lowest survival rates occurred during the first 7 days of life (62–70% cumulative survival) and this period seems to be a major determinant in the life history of the species.     

植食性昆虫对植物的反防御机制

本文综述了植食性昆虫对植物的反防御机制.一方面,植食性昆虫可通过其快速进化的寄主选择适应性,改变取食策略,调节生长发育的节律,以及规避自然天敌等抑制、逃避或改变植物的防御,即行为防御机制;另一方面,植食性昆虫可适应植物蛋白酶抑制剂、逃避植物防御伤信号、解毒植物次生物质,以及抑制植物阻塞反应来对植物防御进行反防御,即生理和生化防御机制.其中,昆虫抑制植物伤信号,防止植物阻塞反应是反防御机制的研究热点.昆虫反防御的研究有助于提高对昆虫-植物间协同进化关系的认识,并为害虫治理和抗虫植物的培育提供新的思路.     

青海东部人工生态公益林近自然经营的林分结构调整

依据研究区5种典型人工林近自然状况,以人工生态公益林的近自然经营管理为目标,提出林分结构调整策略与方法。主要从林分结构、物种组成、年龄及枯死木几个方面考虑选取了垂直结构、水平结构、草本盖度及其多样性、天然更新、物种多样性、组成系数、直径分布、枯木比例、健康木比例10个指标,应用基于单位圆的π值法则,采取定性与定量相结合的方法,对5种林分的近自然状态做出评价并依据评价结果提出相应改造措施。青海云杉-白桦混交林（ω_PB=0.4786）属于远近自然林分,此类林分在密度合理的情况下无需过多人为抚育;青杨-白桦混交林（ω_BP=0.2664）属于近人工林,此类林分以伐除病虫害严重的青杨、调整密度和补植青海云杉为主;青海云杉-青杨混交林（ω_PP=0.2283）属于近人工林,此类林分以伐除病虫害严重的青杨、调整密度和补植白桦为主;青海云杉-落叶松混交林（ω_PL=0.1872）属于人工林,此类林分以调整密度和补植白桦为主;青海云杉纯林（ω_P=0.0190）属于人工林,此类林分以调整密度和营造杉桦混交林为主。通过近自然度评价与分析,为当地近自然经营提供了直观可靠的依据。在进行林分结构调整时,首先通过伐除干扰木来调整林分密度,其次要营造针阔混交林分,其中以青海云杉和白桦混交林为主要目标林分。     

Variation of plant diversity components in different scales in relation to grazing and climatic conditions

Background: Understanding the role of livestock grazing on plant diversity can be improved by an accurate measurement of diversity at all hierarchical scales due to the changeability of diversity components in space.

Aims: We evaluated the effects of grazing on plant species diversity at different scales of all common and rare species in two regions that have different climatic conditions (arid vs. semi-arid).

Methods: In each region, we collected abundant data of plant species from a nested sampling design that consisted of local (80 plots) and regional (16 sites) scales. We partitioned total species diversity (γ) into within plots (α_l), among plots (β_l) and among sites (β₂) using the additive partitioning.

Results: Diversity among sites contributed the most to total diversity for all and rare plant species in both regions. In addition, α₁ and β₁ diversities in ungrazed areas were greater than those in grazed areas for all and common species in both climates.

Conclusion: Abandonment of grazing after 10 years resulted in significant regeneration of common species at the local scale, with no change in rare species. We conclude that low grazing intensity is likely to be an important tool for conservation of plant diversity in which all scales should be considered.     

Modelling the effects of climate change on the distribution and production of marine fishes: accounting for trophic interactions in a dynamic bioclimate envelope model

Climate change has already altered the distribution of marine fishes. Future predictions of fish distributions and catches based on bioclimate envelope models are available, but to date they have not considered interspecific interactions. We address this by combining the species‐based Dynamic Bioclimate Envelope Model (DBEM) with a size‐based trophic model. The new approach provides spatially and temporally resolved predictions of changes in species' size, abundance and catch potential that account for the effects of ecological interactions. Predicted latitudinal shifts are, on average, reduced by 20% when species interactions are incorporated, compared to DBEM predictions, with pelagic species showing the greatest reductions. Goodness‐of‐fit of biomass data from fish stock assessments in the North Atlantic between 1991 and 2003 is improved slightly by including species interactions. The differences between predictions from the two models may be relatively modest because, at the North Atlantic basin scale, (i) predators and competitors may respond to climate change together; (ii) existing parameterization of the DBEM might implicitly incorporate trophic interactions; and/or (iii) trophic interactions might not be the main driver of responses to climate. Future analyses using ecologically explicit models and data will improve understanding of the effects of inter‐specific interactions on responses to climate change, and better inform managers about plausible ecological and fishery consequences of a changing environment.     

The size at reproduction of canopy tree species in central Africa

Size at reproduction is a key aspect of species life history that is relatively understudied for long‐lived tropical trees. Here, we quantified reproductive diameter for 31 major timber species across 11 sites in Cameroon, Congo, and Central African Republic. Specifically, we examined whether (1) between‐species variability is correlated with other species traits; (2) reproductive diameter varies within‐species among sites; (3) reproductive status varies with crown exposure; and (4) the minimum cutting diameter limits (MCDL) imposed by national forest regulations enable seed trees to persist after logging operations. Consistent with studies conducted elsewhere in the tropics, we found great variability in diameter at reproduction among species, which correlated with adult stature (maximum diameter and height). For some species, reproductive diameter thresholds substantially varied between sites, and crown exposure had a significant positive effect on reproductive status. Most MCDLs were found to be suitable, with trees having a high probability of being seed trees at MCDL. Our findings have implications for the sustainable management of production forests, and they highlight questionable MCDLs for some species and between‐site variation in reproductive diameter. The study also highlights the need for long‐term phenological monitoring of tree species spanning a large range of ecological strategies to address both theoretical (species life history, allocation trade‐offs) and practical questions (MCDL).     

The effect of red wood ant abundance on feeding damage by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis

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