Do vine species in neotropical forests see the forest or the trees?

Questions: Is the occurrence of vine species in neotropical rain forests primarily determined by properties of the forest (environmental factors), by properties of the trees (tree species or tree size) or are vines randomly distributed? Location: Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala. Methods: In five 1‐ha plots that span variation from unlogged forest to forest impacted by recurrent human disturbance we recorded the presence of all climbing vine species on every tree. The presence of all free standing vine species and 11 environmental variables were recorded in 100‐m² subplots. The relationship of host tree diameter and host tree identity on single tree vine species richness was investigated by GLM modelling. Partial redundancy analyses were used to partition the variation in vine species composition on two sources: environmental factors and tree species identity. Results: Single tree vine richness increased with increasing host tree DBH and differed significantly among host species. For climbing vines, the ratio of variation in subplot presence explained by tree species and by environmental variables was ca. 4:1 (in the most disturbed logged plots slightly lower), for free standing vines this ratio varied from 1:2 in the most disturbed logged plots to 9:1 in reserve plots, while a ratio of ca. 1:1 was found for all plots analysed together. Conclusion: Different tree species have different probabilities of being infested by vines. Vines see both the forest and the trees; the environment is more important in earlier developmental stages, properties of individual trees become more important from the time vines start to climb.     

长白山次生林演替过程中土壤动物群落的变化

通过对长白山白河局不同林龄的次生林土壤动物的组成进行比较。探讨了土壤动物群落随森林采伐更新演替的变化以及演替阶段(增长期、过渡期和稳定期)．研究表明,不同类群土壤动物的演变趋势是腐食类群数量相对较多,其变化趋势接近植被的变化规律,均是经过上升、下降,最后达到稳定;植食类群演替前期在整个群落中所占比例较高,随着演替年代的增加,比例呈下降的趋势;捕食类群经过100年左右的演替,数量明显增加;从昆虫类群组成来看,林龄较短者,未稳定的类群数较多,林龄较长者,未稳定的类群较少．     

Development of Health‐Related Waist Circumference Thresholds Within BMI Categories

Objective: To develop and cross‐validate waist circumference (WC) thresholds within BMI categories. The utility of the derived values was compared with the single WC thresholds (women, 88 cm; men, 102 cm) recommended by NIH and Health Canada. Research Methods and Procedures: The sample included adults classified as normal weight (BMI = 18.5 to 24.9), overweight (BMI = 25 to 29.9), obese I (BMI = 30 to 34.9), and obese II+ (BMI ≥ 35) from the Third U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III; n = 11, 968) and the Canadian Heart Health Surveys (CHHS; n = 6286). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimal WC thresholds that predicted high risk of coronary events (top quintile of Framingham scores) within BMI categories using the NHANES III. The BMI‐specific WC thresholds were cross‐validated using the CHHS. Results: The optimal WC thresholds increased across BMI categories from 87 to 124 cm in men and from 79 to 115 cm in women. The validation study indicated improved sensitivity and specificity with the BMI‐specific WC thresholds compared with the single thresholds. Discussion: Compared with the recommended WC thresholds, the BMI‐specific values improved the identification of health risk. In normal weight, overweight, obese I, and obese II+ patients, WC cut‐offs of 90, 100, 110, and 125 cm in men and 80, 90, 105, and 115 cm in women, respectively, can be used to identify those at increased risk.     

浙江天台山七子花群落种群分布格局研究

以浙江省天台山七子花群落为研究对象,采用相邻格子样方法取样数据,应用方差／均值比的t检验法、负二项参数、扩散型指数、Cassie指标、丛生指标、平均拥挤指数和聚块性指数等方法,分析了七子花群落各优势种群以及七子花种群在各样地中的分布格局,并分立木级对七子花种群在不同样地内的集群强度进行了测定。结果是：群落中各优势种群均呈集群分布;七子花种群在各样地亦呈集群分布,但集群强度有差异;各样地中七子花种群小树的集群强度均大于中树,种群呈扩散趋势。     

甘肃东大山自然保护区岩羊生态行为的初步观察

2004年7月和8月,通过样线调查、野外直接跟踪观察和瞬间取样的方法,对东大山自然保护区岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)的种群结构和生态行为进行了初步研究。在观察到的720只岩羊中,719只组成了50个群,最大的群82只,最小的群2只,平均群大小(14.38±15.83)只(n=50)。雌雄性比为1∶0.63,成年雌体、亚成体和幼体之比是1∶0.4∶0.24。岩羊的昼间活动中,上午和下午各有一个瞬间觅食高峰,分别在6:30时和15:30时,中午有一段较长时间的休息期。通过对一个46只岩羊群连续12 d的野外跟踪观察,发现该岩羊群昼间的活动范围基本上在1.47 km2内。对152个自然死亡的雄性岩羊头骨的分析表明,东大山雄性岩羊的自然死亡年龄在7.5~11.5龄,其中9.5龄是其自然死亡的高峰。     

四川省藓类植物新记录

在对四川省第一高峰贡嘎山的野外调查和1 000余份采集标本鉴定的基础上,现已知贡嘎山有藓类植物40科,133属,321种.其中,隶属于10科,12属的12种为四川省苔藓植物新记录种.该文就新记录种进行详细报道,为中国和四川省的苔藓植物区系研究提供新的资料.     

High and dry: post‐fire tree seedling establishment in subalpine forests decreases with post‐fire drought and large stand‐replacing burn patches

Aim Climate warming and increased wildfire activity are hypothesized to catalyse biogeographical shifts, reducing the resilience of fire‐prone forests world‐wide. Two key mechanisms underpinning hypotheses are: (1) reduced seed availability in large stand‐replacing burn patches, and (2) reduced seedling establishment/survival after post‐fire drought. We tested for regional evidence consistent with these mechanisms in an extensive fire‐prone forest biome by assessing post‐fire tree seedling establishment, a key indicator of forest resilience. Location Subalpine forests, US Rocky Mountains. Methods We analysed post‐fire tree seedling establishment from 184 field plots where stand‐replacing forest fires were followed by varying post‐fire climate conditions. Generalized linear mixed models tested how establishment rates varied with post‐fire drought severity and distance to seed source (among other relevant factors) for tree species with contrasting post‐fire regeneration adaptations. Results Total post‐fire tree seedling establishment (all species combined) declined sharply with greater post‐fire drought severity and with greater distance to seed sources (i.e. the interior of burn patches). Effects varied among key species groups. For conifers that dominate present‐day subalpine forests (Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa), post‐fire seedling establishment declined sharply with both factors. One exception was serotinous Pinus contorta, which did not vary with either factor. For montane species expected to move upslope under future climate change (Larix occidentalis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Populus tremuloides) and upper treeline species (Pinus albicaulis), establishment was unrelated to either factor. Greater post‐fire tree seedling establishment on cooler/wetter aspects suggested local topographic refugia during post‐fire droughts. Main conclusions If future drought and wildfire patterns manifest as expected, post‐fire tree seedling establishment of species that currently characterize subalpine forests could be substantially reduced. Compensatory increases from lower montane and upper treeline species may partially offset these reductions, but our data suggest important near‐ to mid‐term shifts in the composition and structure of high‐elevation forests under continued climate warming and increased wildfire activity.     

云居山栓皮栎群落特征及多样性研究

栓皮栎群落是我国暖温带和亚热带落叶阔叶林的重要森林群落类型之一,也是赣北珍稀森林群落之一,在森林演替和植物资源利用中占有重要的地位。通过对江西云居山栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)群落进行实地调查,采用区系分析、生活型谱分析、物种多样性和双向聚类等方法对其群落特征进行了研究,发现云居山自然保护区栓皮栎群落结构简单,层次明显,多样性程度不高。物种调查及区系研究结果显示,云居山栓皮栎群落维管束植物共计43科56属70种,植物区系主要以泛热带、东亚及北美间断、北温带分布为主,表现出从温带区系向热带区系过渡的特征;生活型谱以高位芽植物为主(占70%),其他生活型相对较少,反映出中亚热带森林以高位芽植物为主的特点。群落物种丰富度、多样性指数均为乔木层小于灌木层和草本层,均匀度指数分析表明,乔木层为聚集分布、灌木层和草本层为均匀分布。双向聚类分析表明,调查的5个样地均为栓皮栎群落,以乔木层物种多度可将5个样地分为3类,组成群落的24个主要物种可分为10类。     

内蒙古多伦县土地沙漠化景观格局变化特征

利用景观分析软件Fragstats 3.3和内蒙古多伦县1960、1975、1987、1995、2000、2005年6期遥感影像解译结果,分析了1960—2005年间土地沙漠化景观格局变化.结果表明:1960—1995年间研究区土地沙漠化面积呈先增后减趋势,总沙漠化面积增加212.70km2,沙漠化斑块数先增多后减少,景观多样性和均匀性上升,轻度、中度、重度沙漠化斑块形状趋向简单;1995—2005年间研究区沙漠化斑块数大幅增加,景观多样性和均匀性下降,轻度、中度、重度沙漠化斑块形状趋向复杂;严重沙漠化斑块形状在1960年以后一直趋向复杂化.整个景观在研究期间表现为完整-破碎-完整-破碎的趋势,由轻度到严重沙漠化,其景观类型的破碎化程度逐渐降低.     

金秀大瑶山瑶民“鸟盆”狩猎区鸟类食物源植物及生态保育

2003年7月～2008年12月,对金秀大瑶山茶山瑶民"鸟盆"狩猎活动区域的鸟类食物源植物进行了调查,录得"鸟盆"狩猎区秋冬季鸟类取食果实、种子的植物有28科71种,当地称为"鸟果"树。此外,瑶民"鸟盆"狩猎活动所需的"鸟漆"(粘捕鸟类的粘胶)是用9种冬青科植物的树皮制作,其果实、种子亦是"鸟盆"狩猎活动区鸟类的主要食物。