胰岛素注射液启封后有效期内细菌污染情况调查分析

目的:分析生物合成胰岛素注射液启封后有效期内细菌污染情况,并总结其合理的使用方法及时间。方法:收集我院各个科室使用的胰岛素注射液96瓶,启封后分别在不同使用时间和保存温度下采集样本进行细菌学检测。结果:本实验中96瓶启封后有效期内的生物胰岛素注射液中,共有10瓶细菌培养呈阳性,阳性率为10.41%。其中7d之内启封的胰岛素注射液细菌培养全部呈阴性,其余各组的胰岛素注射液细菌培养均呈阳性及存在菌落,随着启封时间的延长,细菌培养阳性率及菌落数上升,且各组之间的差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究中保存温度2~4℃的细菌培养全部呈阴性,其余各组的胰岛素注射液细菌培养均呈阳性及存在菌落,随着保存温度的升高,细菌培养阳性率及菌落数上升,且各组之间的差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:胰岛素注射液启封后有效期内随着时间的延长以及保存温度的升高,细菌培养的阳性率及菌落数量上升,临床使用时要应尽量在7d内使用完,并且尽量保存在低于25℃环境中。     

Macroinvertebrate communities of non-glacial high altitude intermittent streams

1. Macroinvertebrate assemblages of five non‐glacial intermittent high altitude headwater streams (above 1400 m – Serra da Estrela, Portugal), with dry periods of different lengths (0–3 months), were investigated in nearly undisturbed conditions to (i) examine spatial differences and identify environmental variables responsible for the observed invertebrate patterns, (ii) assess the association of dry period length with invertebrate community structure and (iii) determine the influence of using different taxonomic identification levels (order, family and genus) to assess invertebrate community patterns. 2. More than 100 macroinvertebrate genera were identified. Insects clearly dominated these communities with more than 95% of total captures and around 95% of the total richness. Diptera were the most rich and abundant group with chironomid occurrences comprising over 70% of macroinvertebrate captures. 3. The highest taxon richness, diversity, EPT (Ephemeroptera + Plecoptera + Trichoptera) and OCH (Odonata + Coleoptera + Heteroptera) genus richness, the greatest number of exclusive and characteristic taxa identified by the Indicator Value (IndVal), and a distinct community structure shown by Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA), were found in the only stream that was never totally dry, with pools lasting over summer. Environmental gradients that spatially structured the macroinvertebrate communities were always related to flow variations. 4. Over time, the highest abundances found in these systems were also related to flow variations and maximum genus richness occurred in the connected pools or in isolated pools. Streams with longer dry periods presented a distinct recolonization phase, with higher abundance of the stonefly larvae Nemoura sp. and the presence of the chironomid larvae Krenosmittia sp., possibly arriving from the hyporheos. 5. Taxonomic level of invertebrate identification was vital for recognizing the characteristic taxa (IndVal) of streams yet was not critical for identifying streams with the highest macroinvertebrate richness/diversity or structuring environmental gradients. 6. Overall, this study emphasizes the variability of high altitude intermittent streams macroinvertebrate communities, despite spatial proximity. This variability was probably related to flow intermittency and hydrologic permanence, different vegetation covers and riverbed substrata. Consequently, the establishment of reference conditions should involve long‐term data collections and more detailed physical characterization. Also, these findings have significant implications for accurately predicting the ecological consequences of future climate change in high altitude scenarios.     

Focus: Zoonotic Disease: New Series of Imidazoles Showed Promising Growth Inhibitory and Curative Potential Against Trypanosoma Infection

The Trypanosoma spp. cause animal and human trypanosomiasis characterized with appreciable health and economic burden mostly in developing nations. There is currently no effective therapy for this parasitic disease, due to poor drug efficacy, drug resistance, and unwanted toxicity, etc. Therefore, new anti-Trypanosoma agents are urgently needed. This study explored new series of imidazoles for anti-Trypanosoma properties in vitro and in vivo. The imidazoles showed moderate to strong and specific action against growth of T. congolense. For example, the efficacy of the imidazole compounds to restrict Trypanosoma growth in vitro was ≥ 12-fold specific towards T. congolense relative to the mammalian cells. Additionally, the in vivo study revealed that the imidazoles exhibited promising anti-Trypanosoma efficacy corroborating the in vitro anti-parasite capacity. In particular, three imidazole compounds (C1, C6, and C8) not only cleared the systemic parasite burden but cured infected rats after no death was recorded. On the other hand, the remaining five imidazole compounds (C2, C3, C4, C5, and C7) drastically reduced the systemic parasite load while extending survival time of the infected rats by 14 days as compared with control. Untreated control died 3 days post-infection, while the rats treated with diminazene aceturate were cured comparable to the results obtained for C1, C6, and C8. In conclusion, this is the first study demonstrating the potential of these new series of imidazoles to clear the systemic parasite burden in infected rats. Furthermore, a high selectivity index of imidazoles towards T. congolense in vitro and the oral LD₅₀ in rats support anti-parasite specific action. Together, findings support the anti-parasitic prospects of the new series of imidazole derivatives.     

福建柏开花与结实物候期的研究

福建柏1年2次花期,春花期4—5月,果期当年10月,种子无生活力;秋花期9～10月,果期翌年10月,种子有生活力,有效花期在秋季。开花结实的生物学及物候学特性与适生区的地点、地类、海拔、温度等地理气候因子紧密相关,总体变异规律：秋花期、球果成熟期、种子散落期山区比半山区早,半山区比丘陵区早,高海拔地区比低海拔地区早．发芽率山区〉半山区〉丘陵区。     

Mobility is related to species traits in noctuid moths

1. Mobility is important for the understanding of how species survive in fragmented landscapes and cope with increasing rates of habitat and climate change. However, mobility is a difficult trait to explore and is poorly known in most taxa. Species traits have been studied in relation to range shifts, extinction risks, and responses to habitat area and isolation, and have also been suggested as good estimators of mobility. Here we explore the relation between mobility and species traits in noctuid moths. 2. We sampled noctuid moths by an automatic light‐trap on an island far out in the Baltic Sea. We compared traits of the non‐resident species on the island with traits of a species pool of assumed potential migrants from the Swedish mainland. 3. Mobility was significantly related to adult activity period, length of flight period, and the interaction between host‐plant specificity and distribution area. Widely distributed host‐plant generalists were more mobile than host‐plant specialists with more restricted distribution, and species with an adult activity period in August to September moved to the island to a higher extent than species with an adult activity period in May to July. Our results remained qualitatively robust in additional analyses, after controlling for phylogeny and including all species recorded on the island, except for the trait ‘length of flight period’. 4. Our results highlight the importance of the relation between mobility and species traits. Noctuid moths with certain traits move over longer distances than earlier known. This finding is important to include when predicting range dynamics in fragmented and changing landscapes, and when conservation measures of species are devised.     

Increased Concentrations of 3-Hydroxykynurenine in Vitamin B6 Deficient Neonatal Rat Brain

Increased concentrations of the endogenous tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) were measured in the brains of vitamin B6 deficient neonatal rats. Mean concentrations of 3-HK in B6 deficient cerebellum, corpus striatum, frontal cortex, and pons/medulla ranged from 9.7 to 18.6 and 102 to 142 nmol/g of wet tissue at 14 and 18 days of age, respectively. 3-HK was not significantly increased in control neonatal or adult rat brain, vitamin B6 deficient rat brain at 7 days of age, or in brains from adult rats deprived of vitamin B6 for 58 days. The administration of daily intraperitoneal injections of vitamin B6 from the 14th to the 18th day of age decreased the concentration of 3-HK to control levels. 3-HK has been shown by other investigators to produce seizures when injected into the cerebral ventricles of adult rodents. Thus, our studies show the accumulation in brain of a putative endogenous convulsant as the result of a nutritional deficiency.     

山西省忻州市游邀遗址夏代居民牙齿的测量与观察

对于现代中国人牙齿的测量和形态观察,王惠芸(1959、1965)、克力等(1980)、张世采(1985)和魏博源等(1987)均作过有关的研究。但是,对我国古代居民牙齿的测量和观察工作,目前尚鲜见报道。仅有的一些研究成果亦多限于对旧石器时代人类牙齿化石等零星材料的个别报道。本文拟通过对游邀遗址出土的夏代人类牙齿进行观察和测量,以期为了解我国早期青铜时代人类牙齿的形态特征提供一份科学的资料。     

Novel features of computer-simulated clonal life of Paramecium caudatum

The clone of the ciliated protozoan Paramecium caudatum has the immaturity period of about 60 fissions and the lifespan of about 600 fissions. These life cycle figures have been depicted through laboratory experiments that allow continuous cell divisions for hundreds, which never occur in nature. We here constructed the nature-mimicking model culture that alternated the log- and stationary phases to allow conjugation, and computer-simulated the age structure modifying parameters such as cell distributions to start the culture, fission rates, death rates, immaturity periods, probabilities of conjugation, proportions of transplantation and so on. The average and maximum ages in the culture after thousands of alternations were converged to 43±2 and 140±5 fissions, respectively, when parameters for the immaturity period and the maximum clonal lifespan were set at 60 and 600 fissions. This result explains why cells collected in nature are usually young and vigorous. The average and maximum ages proportionally prolonged as the immaturity period was prolonged, as reported true for species of the ciliate. These results indicate the validity of our simulation. The average and maximum ages remained unchanged when the initial condition for starting the culture was changed from two complementary mating-type cells to a population with a quadratic-function distribution, and when the fission rate at the log-phase and the death rate at the stationary phase were modified for older ages. The average and maximum ages changed slightly when either the conjugation rate or the proportion of transplantation was somewhat lowered. Although they changed considerably when such parameters as the immaturity period, conjugation rate and death rate were extremely modified, no clones with the age over 230 fissions appeared in any simulations. These results indicate the robustness of the model, which provides us with fresh insight into the structural system of the clonal lifespan of P. caudatum in nature.     

西北干旱区玉米对气候变暖的响应

利用地面观测资料,就西北干旱区河西走廊绿洲作物玉米(Zea mays L.)对变暖的响应进行了初步的探讨.结果表明:近二十多年来,西北干旱区作物玉米对变暖的响应以生长季提前和生长期缩短为主要方式.但是,存在一个临界温度,当玉米生长期间平均气温小于临界温度时,增温使玉米生长期缩短;当玉米生长期间平均温度大于临界温度时,增温使玉米生长期有不再减小的趋势.未来的持续增温可能导致玉米生长期平均气温超过临界温度,从而可能使西北干旱区玉米生长期延长.西北干旱区作物玉米对变暖的响应还表现出一定的阶段差异,增温使玉米拔节期以前的营养生长阶段缩短,抽雄-槭乳熟期的生殖生长阶段延长,乳熟-成熟期的生殖生长阶段缩短.西北干旱区作物玉米对变暖响应的这种特点可能与绿洲的气候特点、作物的生理特性及增温的季节差异有关,而其响应的生物学机制可能与变暖使自然植被秋季生长季延长的生物学机制不同.     

黄山药不同物候期薯蓣皂甙元含量变化规律研究

本文主要研究黄山药(Dioscorea panthaica)不同物候期薯蓣皂甙元的消涨规律.分析了各物候期薯蓣皂甙元含量与根茎产量和著蓣皂甙元产量的关系,提出了采挖根茎的最佳时期,对生产有重要指导意义.