微量血胆红素测定仪的临床应用

目的 :了解微量血胆红素测定仪测定血胆红素的正确性。方法 :黄疸婴儿 5 0例 ,男 2 9例 ,女 2 1例 ,年龄平均为 2 1 6天。采用玻璃毛细管在患儿足跟采集少量血在微量血胆红素测定仪上测定 ,并与静脉采血测得的血胆红素值进行比较。结果 :二种方法测得的血红素值无显著差别 (P >0 0 5 ) ,二者之间有非常显著的相关 ,相关系数r=0 96 996 ,P <0 0 1。结论 :微量法测定血胆红素简便 ,迅速 ,减少对婴儿的损伤 ,为黄疸婴儿血胆红素的测定提供了较大方便 ,应予推广应用     

Parental marriage and the non-cognitive abilities of infants and toddlers: Survey findings from China Family Panel Studies

Early childhood is a critical period for developing children’s abilities. Non-cognitive abilities are comparable to or even stronger than cognitive abilities in predicting many socioeconomic outcomes. Usually, most scholars take personality as the core indicator of non-cognitive abilities. While temperament is also an important component of children’s non-cognitive abilities, it was often ignored in previous studies. Based on the panel data from the 2018 and 2020 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study investigates the effects of parental marital satisfaction on the non-cognitive development of children aged one to three; meanwhile, the heterogeneous effects and mechanisms were also examined. The results show that young children exhibit more negative emotions when their parents reported dissatisfaction with their marriages. Parental depression was an important mechanism of parental marital satisfaction affecting children’s non-cognitive development, while the frequency of parent-child interaction was not. The effects of marital dissatisfaction on non-cognitive abilities were heterogeneous across child age and gender, as well as parental genders and education levels. The findings shed some light on the early interventions and offer important reference values for public policies aimed at improving family welfare and children’s non-cognitive development.     

Plasma C-type natriuretic peptide levels in healthy children

C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is assuming increasing importance in cardiovascular disease, and in adults its plasma levels are related to clinical and functional disease severity. Data are scarce regarding the reference values for CNP in infancy. Aim of this study was to assess the reference intervals for CNP in human healthy newborns and infants. Plasma CNP was measured in 121 healthy children divided into: 41 newborns (age 0-3 days), 24 newborns (4-30 days), 22 infants (1-12 months) and 32 children (1-12 years). A group of 32 healthy adult subjects (age 64 ± 1 years) was also studied. CNP was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. Between- and within-assay variability resulted ≤ 30 and 20%, respectively and analytical sensitivity 0.77 ± 0.05 pg/tube. Plasma CNP resulted significantly higher in children than in adult subjects (13.6 ± 1.2 pg/ml vs. 7.4 ± 1.0 pg/ml, p=0.030). When the results were analyzed as a function of the age the reference intervals for plasma CNP resulted: 11.6 ± 2.1 pg/ml for newborns (0-3 days), 16.4 ± 3.7 pg/ml for newborns (4-30 days), 15.4 ± 2.7 pg/ml for infants (1-12 months), 13.6 ± 2.3 pg/ml for children (1-12 years) [p=0.01 newborns (4-30 days) vs. adults; p=0.03 infants (1-12 months) vs. adults]. CNP showed the highest concentrations after 12h of life with a peak between 4 and 5 days of life and with a progressive decline afterwards. According to these data at least five different reference intervals for CNP determinations should be used. These observations may be helpful for future clinical application of CNP in human children.     

The relationship between consumption of tyrosine and phenylalanine as precursors of catecholamine at breakfast and the circadian typology and mental health in Japanese infants aged 2 to 5 years

Background

This study aims to examine the relationship between tyrosine and phenylalanine intake at breakfast as precursors of dopamine, and scores on the Torsvall-Åkerstedt Diurnal Type Scale and of mental health in Japanese infants aged 2 to 5 years.

Results

An integrated questionnaire was administered to parents of 1,367 infants attending one of ten nursery schools governed by Kochi City or a kindergarten affiliated with the Faculty of Education at Kochi University (775 answers for analysis: 56.7%) in May and June 2008. Questionnaires included the Torsvall-Åkerstedt Diurnal Type Scale and questions on sleep habits (onset, offset, quality, quantity, and so on), meal habits (content and regularity of timing), and mental health (depressive states). Amount of tyrosine and phenylalanine intake was calculated based on a breakfast content questionnaire and data on the components of amino acids in foods. Infants who ingested more than 800 mg of tyrosine or phenylalanine at breakfast per meal were more morning-type than those who ingested less than 800 mg (ANOVA: P= 0.005). However, this relationship disappeared in the ANCOVA analysis (with the covariance of tryptophan intake, P= 0.894). Infants who ingested more than 800 mg of the two amino acids at breakfast showed significantly higher mental health scores (lower frequency of depressive states) than those who ingested less than 800 mg (ANOVA: P = 0.004). This relationship remained significant when ANCOVA analysis was performed with the covariance of tryptophan (ANCOVA: P= 0.017).

Conclusions

These results suggest that tyrosine and phenylalanine ingested at breakfast are not related with circadian phase, but are relate with mental health in infants.     

微生态制剂防治婴幼儿肺炎继发腹泻的卫生经济学评价

目的 评价预防性应用微生态制剂(培菲康)防治婴幼儿肺炎继发腹泻的疗效及成本效益.方法 2008年1月到2010年9月住院治疗的婴幼儿肺炎966例为研究对象,对患儿的临床特征、微生态制剂(培菲康)预防性应用情况、是否出现继发腹泻及住院治疗费用的关系进行分析.结果 干预组594例,对照组372例,两组住院治疗期间继发腹泻的发病率分别为18.69％、39.78％,两组比较,x2 =51.889,P ＜0.01,RR=0.470;干预组99例发生继发腹泻后继续原有微生态制剂治疗,对照组134例因继发腹泻才开始应用同类微生态制剂治疗,两组腹泻治疗总有效率分别86.87％、74.63％,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.299,P=O.021).干预组、对照组每例(次)患儿住院总费用分别为(2775.0±1724.2)元和(3130.7±1899.8)元,预防性应用微生态制剂(培菲康)次均节省直接医疗费用支出355.6元,差异有统计学意义(t =2.998,P=0.003);预防性应用微生态制剂(培菲康)的效益成本比为13.02.结论 预防性应用微生态制剂(培菲康)不仅能降低肺炎继发腹泻的发病率,缩短住院病程,提高腹泻治疗总有效率,同时,明显降低患儿的次均医疗费用,效益成本比高.     

Ultradian and circadian rhythms of sleep-wake and food-intake behavior during early infancy

The early development of sleep-wake and food-intake rhythms in human infants is reviewed. The development of a 24h day-night rhythm contains two observable developmental processes: the alterations in the periodic structure of behavior (decreased ultradian, increased circadian components) and the process of synchronization to external time (entrainment). The authors present the results of their studies involving 26 German children and compare them with previous investigations. In their research, it became evident that, during the first weeks of life, the time pattern of sleep-wake and food-intake behavior is characterized by different ultradian periodicities, ranging from 2h to 8h. In the course of further ontogenesis, the share of ultradian rhythms in the sleep-wake behavior decreases, while it remains dominant for food-intake behavior. The circadian component is established as early as the first weeks of life and increases in the months that follow. Besides, the authors' study supports the notion of broad interindividual variation in ultradian rhythms and in the development of a day-night rhythm. Examples of free-running rhythms of sleep-wake and food-intake behavior by various authors are strong indicators of the endogenous nature of the circadian rhythms in infants and show that the internal clock is already functioning at birth. It is still uncertain when the process of synchronization to external and social time cues begins and how differences in the maturation of perceptive organs affect the importance of time cues for the entrainment. Prepartally, the physiological maternal entrainment factors and mother-fetus interactions may be most important; during the first weeks of life, the social time cues gain importance, while light acts as a dominant “zeitgeber” at a later time only.     

中国深圳和芬兰艾斯堡地区 健康婴幼儿肠道菌群的比较

目的探索中国与欧洲沿海发达地区婴幼儿肠道菌群的结构差异及随年龄增长的变化趋势。方法招募深圳地区健康婴幼儿35名并收集其粪便样本,采用Illumina的MiSeq平台对肠道菌群的16S rRNA V4序列进行测序。同时,结合40名芬兰艾斯堡地区健康婴幼儿肠道菌群数据,进行两地儿童菌群结构比较。结果中国与芬兰地区幼儿肠道菌群结构较为一致,在物种多样性及均匀度方面差异无统计学意义。菌属水平分析中,两组幼儿肠道内均呈现以拟杆菌属、双歧杆菌属为主导的菌群结构。回归分析表明,幼儿肠道内菌群多样性随年龄的增长明显增加(R~2=0.174,P0.05),0～1岁与1～3岁幼儿的菌群结构差异有统计学意义(R~2=0.079,P0.05)。韦荣球菌、肠球菌和布劳特菌等菌属随年龄增长丰度明显降低,而粪杆菌、瘤胃球菌、罗斯菌等菌属显著增加。结论生命早期肠道菌群的发育主要与年龄因素密切相关,地区因素为次要因素。     

壮族幼儿Heath-Carter法体型研究

为探讨我国壮族幼儿的体型发育规律,本文应用Heath-Carter人体测量法对广西壮族自治区百色市439例(男228,女211)3-6岁的壮族幼儿进行了体型评定.结果:(1)壮族幼儿随着年龄的增长,内因子值和中因子值逐步下降,外因子值明显上升;(2)各年龄组体型均值均为中因子值＞内因子值＞外因子值,其中3-5岁男女各组均为偏内胚层的中胚层体型,男6-岁组为均衡的中胚层体型,女6-岁组为三胚中间型;(3)壮族幼儿各年龄组男女间SAD值为0.33-0.54,T为1.69-2.35,男女间的体型除3-岁组差异有显著性(P＜0.05)外,其余组差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论:与汉族资料相比,各年龄组男女内、中、外因子值均为汉族高于壮族;壮族的体型分布比汉族分散.     

酪酸梭菌活菌对防治婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻安全性和有效性的Meta分析CSCD

目的 系统评价酪酸梭菌活菌对预防和治疗婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的安全性和有效性,为临床用药提供参考。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、Wanfang Data和CNKI,搜集有关酪酸梭菌活菌对预防和治疗婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的随机对照试验(RCTs),检索时限均从建库至2021年6月。由两名研究者独立筛选文献、提取文献并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用RevMan 5.3和Stata 14.0进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入29篇RCTs,包括4 096例患儿。Meta分析结果显示:与对照组相比,酪酸梭菌活菌组患儿抗生素相关性腹泻发生率降低了71%[RR=0.29,95%CI(0.25,0.34),P<0.01],腹泻持续时间减少了1.87 d[WMD=-1.87,95%CI(-2.11,-1.63)],住院时间减少了1.96 d[RR=-1.96,95%CI(-2.22,-1.70)],差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。两组患儿极少数出现轻微不良反应,主要是恶心呕吐、四肢酸软、皮疹。结论 当前证据表明,酪酸梭菌活菌可以有效治疗和预防婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻,安全性好,不良反应少。受纳入质量限制,上述结论尚待更多高质量研究予以验证。     

“Girney” vocalizations among Japanese macaque females: Context and function

One vocalization in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) system of communication is the “girney.” Previous studies indicated that the “girney” is used for short range communication and that it tends to occur when subordinate animals approach and groom dominant ones and when females without infants approach females who have infants. Data were collected on the social behavior of adult female Japanese monkeys of the Arashiyama-A troop in Texas in order to test those results. The study indicates that “girneys” are the most frequently occurring vocalizations of females during and following the birth season and that they occur primarily in two contexts. Those are the proximity of a female to another female with a new infant and the proximity of a lower ranking animal to a higher ranking one. The contexts are ones in which the risk of aggression is high, and the “girneys” appear to function as appeasement gestures to reduce the risk.