轮状病毒疫苗研究现状

轮状病毒自上世纪70年代初发现至今,仍是婴幼儿病毒性腹泻最主要的病原体。每年约60万婴幼儿因轮状病毒感染导致严重脱水死亡。轮状病毒疫苗从上世纪90年代初开始研制,至今已有三种疫苗用于预防轮状病毒感染。这三种疫苗均为减毒活疫苗:其中包括单一血清型Rotarix、罗特威和重组5价疫苗RotaTeq。它们已在全球多国使用,有些国家已将其纳入免疫规划。疫苗的使用使人群轮状病毒感染下降,特别是死亡率明显减少。但也出现了一些问题,因此除了减毒活疫苗,也有一些实验室研究其他形式的疫苗,例如重组疫苗、灭活疫苗等。本文主要介绍轮状病毒疫苗的研究现状,为我国轮状病毒疫苗的研究、使用和推广提供一定理论依据。     

孕妇体内维生素D含量与新生儿湿疹的相关性

目的:研究孕妇维生素D(25(OH)D)含量与新生儿湿疹的关系,为改善孕期维生素D缺乏,预防婴儿湿疹提供临床依据。方法:选取2013年9月-2013年11月在我院生产的孕妇及所生的新生儿,调查研究对象的基本情况。采集孕妇的静脉血进行25(OH)D含量测定,并诊断新生儿湿疹的发生情况。结果:孕妇25(OH)D含量的中位数是15.17 ng/m L,新生儿湿疹的发病率是26.1%。孕妇不同含量25(OH)D水平与孕中晚期补充复合维生素、服用奶制品、摄入鱼蛋类次数、每天晒太阳时间等有关(P0.05);孕妇25(OH)D含量20 ng/m L会增加子女6个月内患湿疹的风险(OR=3.19,95%;CI:1.54,4.21)。结论:孕妇25(OH)D含量缺乏会增加新生儿湿疹的发病率。     

Kenya: Population Growth in the Light of Its Adopted Policies

This article, part of a wider study on fertility dynamics in Kenya, attempts to synthetically reconstruct the evolution of the Kenyan population structure over the past 60 years, following the development of population policies adopted by the Kenyan government. It emphasizes the importance and the necessity of political participation in order to restrain the population growth that, in a country such as Kenya, aggravates the existing deficiencies in the field of nutrition and hygiene. The article also takes a brief look at the future prospects of Kenya.     

“Smothered” Infants—Neglect,Infanticide or SIDS? A Fresh Look at the 19th Century Mortality Schedules

Based on the U.S. Federal Mortality Schedules from the years 1850–1880 infant deaths <1 year were investigated in order to determine whether mortality attributed to “smothering” or “overlaying” followed known SIDS trajectories. By comparing a case sample of 2,236 smothered/overlaid deaths with an age-, regionally and time-matched control sample of all-cause infant deaths (N = 58,293), striking similarities with SIDS became apparent, which were not mimicked in the control sample. These epidemiological traits included a disproportionate vulnerability during the second to fourth month of life (Poisson RR 12.94, p < 0.001), a remarkable birth and death seasonality, as well as pronounced racial disparities. The study could also corroborate sex-specific discrepancies—such as differential impact of month of birth on age-at-death. Results of a Cox regression furthermore indicate that age, sex, race and death season were significant predictors of mortality. This strongly supports the hypothesis that these infant deaths represent empirical evidence of 19th century SIDS.     

Age-dependent mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in infants and young children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

This study was designed to find the effects of age on circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and their mobilization in infants and young children following surgical correction of congenital heart defects. In 60 consecutive infants and young children (1 month to 3 years old) undergoing repair of atrial/ventricular septal defect, the numbers of EPCs and plasma levels of IL-6, -8, -10, TNF-α, VEGF and G-CSF were determined preoperatively, at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), as well as 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h following surgery. Preoperative EPCs were reduced with increased age, similar to changes in plasma VEGF and G-CSF levels. Rapid mobilizations of EPCs and plasma VEGF, G-CSF were induced by cardiac surgery with CPB in all infants and young children, and the increased volumes of EPCs, VEGF and G-CSF decreased with age decreasing. The increased volumes of IL-6, -8, -10 and TNF-α were similar in different age groups. However, mobilization of EPCs, plasma VEGF and G-CSF were limited in infants <6 months old, which did not correlate with change in inflammatory IL activation. Preoperative EPCs and plasma levels of VEGF and G-CSF were reduced with increasing age in infants and young children. Although a significant increase in EPCs and release of cytochemokines were observed in infants undergoing CPB, the mobilization of EPCs of the infants <6 months old are limited.     

注射Bestatin对幼年大鼠分辨学习的影响

以Ｓｐｒａｑｕｅ－Ｄａｗｌｅｙ大鼠为实验动物,从出生后第１天起,每日皮下分别注射氨基肽酶的抑制剂Ｂｅｓｔａｔｉｎ（１ｍｇ／ｋｇ（ｂ．ｗ））以及钠络酮（２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（ｂ．ｗ）＋Ｂｅｓｔａｉｎｇ（１ｍｇ／ｋｇ（ｂ．ｗ））,对照组注射等量的生理盐水,连续注射１４天,观察：１６日龄幼鼠的吸乳迷津分辨学习（ＡＤＬ）,３０日龄Ｙ迷津明暗分辨学习（ＡＤＬ）,３０日龄Ｙ迷津明暗分辨学习（ＢＤＬ）行为,４５日龄幼鼠     

Does troop size of wild Japanese macaques influence birth rate and infant mortality in the absence of predators?

For the wild Japanese macaques of Yakushima and Kinkazan Islands, we analyzed the relationship between the troop size or the number of adult females of each troop, infant/adult female ratio (IFR; crude birth rate), and infant mortality (IM) in habitats with no predators. In Yakushima, IFR was positively correlated to troop size and the number of adult females. In Kinkazan, however, IFR tended to decrease with the number of adult females. This difference may be due to the difference in troop size; i.e. in Yakushima, where troop size was small, IFR may increase with that of troop size, because a relatively larger troop is likely to the advantage in intertroop competition. In Kinkazan, where troop size was large, however, IFR is likely to decrease with troop size, because intratroop competition may increase. Thus, the present data roughly supportWrangham's model of the social structure of female-bonded primates, and suggests that there is an optimal troop size for birth rate (BR). On the other hand, there was no clear correlation between IM and the troop size or number of adult females of each troop.     

四川地区幼儿及学龄前儿童面部标志间距研究

本文报告１１１６例幼儿和学龄前儿童（２－７岁）面部７项间距的均数,性差及年龄发育特点,除颏上下点距２岁等２个年龄段为女大于男外,其余项目各年龄段均为男大于女,绝大多数年龄段差异具有显著性意义。７条生长曲线均随年龄增长而上升,有１－２个高峰,反映出从２岁起男性容貌轮廓大于女性,随年龄增大而增长,提示临床在小儿手术时要考虑其性别和年龄因素,本文为临床提供２－７岁１０个年龄不同性别面部７项间距的正常值。     

Sources of variation in interbirth intervals among captive bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)

Female fitness is a function of variation in the length of females' reproductive careers, the viability of their offspring, and the frequency with which they give birth. Infant loss shortens interbirth intervals in most primate species, but we know considerably less about other factors that contribute to variation in the length of interbirth intervals within groups. In one large captive group of bonnet macaques, maternal parity, age, experience, family size, and recent reproductive history are all associated with variation in the length of intervals that follow the birth of surviving infants. Primiparous females have the longest interbirth intervals, while multiparous females who have produced surviving infants in the past and have raised their last infant successfully have the shortest interbirth intervals. Infant sex and maternal rank have no direct effect upon the length of interbirth intervals. One of the underlying causes of variation in the length of interbirth intervals after surviving births seems to be variation in the timing of conceptions among females. Females who conceive early in the mating season tend to have shorter interbirth intervals than other females. However, females who are multiparous, experienced, and have recently raised infants have late conceptions and short interbirth intervals.     

The protective effect of breast feeding in relation to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): II. The effect of human milk and infant formula preparations on binding of Clostridium perfringens to epithelial cells

Breast feeding is known to protect an infant against gastrointestinal pathogens and epidemiological studies indicate that compared to breast fed infants, formula fed infants are at a greater risk of dying from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Many SIDS infants have symptoms of gastrointestinal infections prior to death and one gastrointestinal pathogen associated with SIDS is Clostridium perfringens. Studies have found that a significantly higher number of formula fed SIDS infants have C perfringens and its enterotoxin in their faeces compared to breast fed infants. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of human milk and infant formula on binding of C perfringens to epithelial cells. Two protocols were used to assess the effect of human milk and infant formula to inhibit binding of C perfringens to epithelial cells. Binding was assessed by flow cytometry. For the in vivo protocol which more closely represents interactions on the mucosal surface, breast milk enhanced bacterial binding but infant formula caused inhibition of binding; however for the in vitro method, both human milk and infant formula resulted in consistent enhancement of binding. Flow cytometry studies indicated that enhancement of binding was due to the formation of bacterial aggregates. Lewis(a) and Lewis(b) antigens, found in both breast milk and infant formula, inhibited C. perfringens binding in a dose dependent manner. The Lewis(a) and Lewis(b) antigens in human milk and infant formula can inhibit C. perfringens binding to epithelial cells. While infant formula reduced binding of C. perfringens to epithelial cells in the experiments carried out with the in vivo protocol, the protective effects of breast feeding in relation to colonisation with C. perfringens are more likely to be due to formation of bacterial aggregates. These findings have implications for improving infant formula preparations.