双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊治疗婴儿支气管肺炎并症状性腹泻疗效观察

目的观察双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊（贝飞达）治疗婴儿支气管肺炎并症状性腹泻的疗效。方法156例婴儿支气管肺炎并症状性腹泻患儿随机分为2组,对照组72例按支气管肺炎常规抗感染及对症治疗,治疗组84例在此基础上加用双歧杆菌三联活菌。结果治疗组有效率为82．2％,显著高于对照组（58．3％）,2组间差异有非常显著性（χ^2=10．7,P〈0．01）。结论双歧杆菌三联活菌治疗婴儿支气管肺炎并症状性腹泻疗效显著。     

血浆中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)的变化与婴幼儿先心病术后急性肺损伤的关系

目的:明确血浆中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)的变化能否预测婴幼儿先心病术后急性肺损伤(ALI)的发生。方法:纳入2013年10月至2014年5月年龄≤36月的先心病合并肺动脉高压的婴幼儿患者的相关资料,检测体外循环(CPB)术后2 h、12 h、24 h、48 h和72 h的血浆NGAL水平,分析NGAL与术后发生ALI之间的关系。结果:本研究共纳入患者61例,术后发生ALI患者9例(14.8%)。所有患者CPB术后5个时间点的变化趋势为:CPB术后2 h NGAL浓度开始升高,均值为27.28μg/L,至12 h达到最高峰,均值为30.61μg/L,24 h开始下降;其中12 h、24 h和72 h与前一时间点比较均具有显著性差异(P0.05)。进一步分组显示,NGAL浓度变化趋势主要在ALI组:ALI组患者12 h、24 h、48 h和72 h的NGAL浓度与前一个时间点比较,变化均具有显著差异(P0.05),NGAL峰值浓度出现在12 h,其均值为40.82μg/L;而无ALI组患者NGAL浓度只在24 h和12 h之间比较有显著差异(P0.05);ALI组患者5个时间点的NGAL浓度均比无ALI组患者高,具有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:血浆NGAL在早期预测婴幼儿体外循环术后发生ALI可能具有重要作用。     

非人灵长类动物雌性携抱婴儿与婴儿吸乳偏好的研究进展

灵长类雌性动物在携抱婴儿时会表现出一种方向偏好,同时,婴儿在吸乳时也会表现出方向偏好.相关研究表明,这两类偏好与灵长类大脑不对称性及其功能的进化有着极其紧密的联系.此方面的研究作为灵长类偏好行为研究的重要关注点之一,在国外已得到了较好的发展,在国内尚处于萌芽阶段.由于多种影响因素的存在,非人灵长类已有的研究结果间存在一定差异.     

Birth seasonality and interbirth intervals in free-ranging formosan macaques,Macaca cyclopis, at Mt. Longevity, Taiwan

Thebirth season of Formosan macaqueM. cyclopis during our study started in February and ended in August with a peak in the second half of April and the first half of May. The average birth rate was 82%±21 for 114 females with four years of breeding records. Our study reports that a time span of one year between births can be considered as the norm for the wildM. cyclopis. Of the 288 inter-birth intervals (IBI), 88.5% showed a 1-year interval (mean 364±SD 29 days); 11% showed 2-year interval (727±36 days); and 1% (2 females) had 3-year interval (range 1030–1040 days). The IBI for females that had infant loss within six months of life were the shortest. But there was no significant difference from that of females that had stillbirth (p>0.9) and infant that survived for first six months of life (p>0.06). However, among 255 cases of 1-year IBI, stillbirth or following infant loss within six months of life did significantly shorten IBI for ten days (F _1,253=5.74,p<0.05).     

Mothers, not fathers, determine the delayed onset of male carrying in Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii)

In biparental species, females are thought to accept and even to seek male assistance in rearing of the young. In this study, we present data that suggests that Goeldi's monkey females (Callimico goeldii) actually reject male parental care for a certain period. In Callimico, which have biparental care, mothers carry the infant exclusively for the first three weeks despite the fact that fathers are interested in their infants directly after birth. Fathers initiated significantly more body contact with their mates when newborn infants were present and retrieved one-day-old infants that were experimentally presented to them. The onset of paternal carrying in our colony was 27.5 days compared to 11.5 days (medians) observed in the field. However, presentation of a live potential predator induced earlier onset of paternal carrying by about 10 days. Additional costs to maternal carrying such as foraging and predator avoidance are likely factors influencing the decision of the mother as to when to share the cost of infant carrying with the father. We conclude that Goeldi's monkey fathers start carrying their infants so late because they do not get them earlier from the mother. We suggest that one ultimate explanation for that delay might be increased infant mortality when infant transfer starts at an earlier stage.     

Is WIC effective in improving pregnancy-related outcomes? An empirical reassessment

This study provides new evidence on how prenatal WIC participation influences pregnancy-related outcomes, using a large dataset of Medicaid mothers with two or more singleton births. Our analysis suggests there is negative selection by maternal unobserved factors even with a relatively homogenous sample and a rich set of observed characteristics. The conservative estimates from multiple regression which doesn’t address maternal unobserved heterogeneity already demonstrate beneficial effects on a range of outcomes. The concern of mis-specification or extrapolation in the linear model is also ruled out. Controlling for the mother fixed effects, we find more statistically significant estimates which are usually larger in size. The within-mother estimates are robust in a series of sensitivity checks especially multiple inference adjustments. Overall, we find WIC does work to improve infant health and maternal health behaviors as well as reduce usage of costly maternity care.     

Is paternal height related to fertility outcomes? Evidence from the Netherlands during the secular growth trend

Over the past two centuries, the Dutch experienced a tremendous secular trend in height, and ultimately became the tallest nation in the world. Improving environmental conditions likely played the largest role in explaining these developments. But it is not yet precisely clear what factor set the Dutch head and shoulders above other nations, who were also experiencing improving environmental conditions. Could fertility also have played a role? To understand this, we would first need to know whether height and fertility were related during the secular growth trend. In this study, we investigated whether this was the case. A sample of Dutch men, birth years 1850–1900 (n = 3396), was examined. We tested the extents to which height was associated with having a certain number of children, and with having a certain number of children survive infancy. Multinomial logistic regressions were used. In terms of findings, height’s relationship to fertility outcomes was curvilinear: being shorter-than-average (0.75–0.5 standard deviations below the mean height) was associated with a higher probability of being married and having five to seven children, while being moderately tall (0.5 standard deviations above the mean height) was associated with the lowest probability of being unmarried. There was no relationship between paternal height and children surviving infancy in the sample overall, but taller height was associated with a decreased risk of being in a high-mortality family among men born between 1880 and 1900. If paternal fertility played a role in the secular growth trend, we would expect to see very tall men have the most children, and clearly have the most children surviving infancy. Given this study’s findings, it is unlikely that this was the case.     

Home environment and cord blood levels of lead,arsenic, and zinc on neurodevelopment of 24 months children living in Chitwan Valley,Nepal

In a birth cohort living in Chitwan Valley, lowland Nepal, we have previously reported inverse associations between in utero levels of lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and neurodevelopment at birth measured by the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, third edition (NBAS III). In the present paper, a follow-up of the same cohort was made on 24-month-old infants regarding the neurodevelopmental effects of these metals, taking the postnatal environment into account. In total, the same100 mother-infant pairs as the previous study, whose Pb, As, and Zn concentrations in cord blood were known, were recruited. Postnatal raising environment was evaluated using the Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME) scale. Neurodevelopment of children at 24 months of age (n = 74) was assessed using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development, Second Edition (BSID II). Multivariable regression adjusting for covariates was performed to determine the associations of in utero levels of toxic and essential elements and the home environment with neurodevelopment scores. Unlike the NBAS III conducted for newborns, none of the BSID II cluster scores in 24-month-old infants were associated with cord blood levels of Pb, As, and Zn. The total HOME score was positively associated with the mental development scale (MDI) score (coefficient = 0.67, at 95% CI = 0.03 to 1.31). In this cohort, a detrimental effect of in utero Pb and As on neurodevelopmental indicators observed at birth disappeared at 24 months, while an association between neurodevelopment and home environment continued.     

利水健脾解毒汤灌肠联合酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎疗效观察

目的探讨利水健脾解毒汤灌肠联合酪酸梭菌活菌散口服治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎的临床疗效。方法将82例的患轮状病毒肠炎婴幼儿随机分为治疗组42例与对照组40例,两组患儿均给予常规治疗,治疗组给予利水健脾解毒汤灌肠及酪酸梭菌活菌散口服,对照组静滴利巴韦林,观察患儿治疗一疗程(3 d)临床疗效和轮状病毒转阴率。结果治疗组总有效率为90.47%,轮状病毒转阴率为71.43%,对照组分别为52.50%、32.50%。治疗组总有效率及轮状病毒转阴率均显著高于对照组(P0.01),2组患儿均未出现不良反应。结论利水健脾解毒汤灌肠及酪酸梭菌活菌散口服治疗婴幼儿轮状毒肠炎疗效显著,安全性高,是治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎的有效方法。