河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区豹猫及其潜在猎物之间日活动节律的季节性

日活动节律是动物应对食物可利用性、天敌捕食风险和环境条件等变化的适应性特征。阐明捕食者与猎物之间的日活动节律以及相关影响因素, 对于理解不同物种的生存策略、指导保护对策至关重要。然而, 由于采样方法的限制和人类干扰下的快速环境变化, 人们对许多野生动物日活动节律的了解并不全面, 甚至与实际情况存在偏差。以往认为夜行性的豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)被发现有一定程度的日间活动, 并增加晨昏活动, 这说明有必要深入调查豹猫等野生动物的昼夜节律为何存在这些变化。本研究在河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区通过红外相机技术对豹猫及其潜在猎物进行调查, 基于核密度函数比较分析了豹猫与其潜在猎物在冷、暖季节的日活动节律。2016年全年设置了55个红外相机位点, 累计14,972个相机工作日, 获得豹猫及其潜在猎物的独立有效照片1,343张。结果显示, 该保护区内豹猫、蒙古兔(Lepus tolai)和鼠类以夜间活动为主, 其中豹猫有明显的晨昏活动高峰, 而赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus)、岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)、红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)和勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha)均在昼间活动。活动重叠度分析结果显示, 豹猫与夜行性的蒙古兔和鼠类在冷季和暖季均有较高重叠度(Δ ≥ 0.50), 但与其他猎物之间的重叠度均相对较低(Δ ≤ 0.40)。本研究显示豹猫及其猎物的昼夜节律既有保守性, 也具有一定的季节可塑性, 可能受到季节性猎物分布和环境变化的影响。因此, 需要加强调查研究来充分认识不同物种日活动节律的季节性变化规律及其驱动因素。     

黑龙江查哈阳农场石制品的剥片与修理技术

查哈阳农场位于黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市甘南县,地处松嫩平原西缘的嫩江右岸。本文以2018年在查哈阳农场太平湖管理区第八作业区东北的E2地点试掘的石制品为研究对象,从石核的剥片和石器修理的角度对石制品进行技术分析。石核、石片以及石器分析显示,E2地点存在两种剥片技术体系：一是简单剥片技术体系,该技术不存在剥片前对核体的预制过程,以片状石核、大量不规则的石片以及修理程度较低的石器为代表;二是系统剥片技术体系,该技术以剥离石叶（长石片）为最终目的,存在剥片前对核体“几何组织结构”的修型、预制现象,同时伴随台面的预制修理。E2地点的石制品技术分析,可为嫩江流域旧石器时代晚期石器工业面貌的揭示和技术变化的探讨提供新的材料与线索。     

Bioreactor-based advances in plant tissue and cell culture: challenges and prospects

Bioreactors are engineered systems capable of supporting a biologically active situation for conducting aerobic or anaerobic biochemical processes. Stability, operational ease, improved nutrient uptake capacity, time- and cost-effectiveness, and large quantities of biomass production, make bioreactors suitable alternatives to conventional plant tissue and cell culture (PTCC) methods. Bioreactors are employed in a wide range of plant research, and have evolved over time. Such technological progress, has led to remarkable achievements in the field of PTCC. Since the classification of bioreactors has been extensively reviewed in numerous reviews, the current article avoids repeating the same material. Alternatively, it aims to highlight the principal advances in the bioreactor hardware s used in PTCC rather than classical categorization. Furthermore, our review summarizes the most significant steps as well as current state-of-the-art of PTCC carried out in various types of bioreactor.     

Optimising seed processing techniques to improve germination and sowability of native grasses for ecological restoration

• Grasslands across the globe are undergoing expansive degradation due to human impacts and climate change. If restoration of degraded native grassland is to be achieved at the scale now required, cost‐effective means for seed‐based establishment of grass species is crucial. However, grass seeds present numerous challenges associated with handling and germination performance that must be overcome to improve the efficiency of seeding. Previous research has demonstrated that complete removal of the palea and lemma (husk) maximises germination performance, hence we investigated the effects of complete husk removal on seed handling and germination of four temperate Australian grass species.
• Three techniques were tested to remove the husk – manual cleaning, flaming or acid digestion (the latter two followed by a manual cleaning step); these techniques were refined and adapted to the selected species, and germination responses were compared.
• The complete removal of the husk improved seed handling and sowability for all species. Germination was improved in Microlaena stipoides by 19% and in Rytidosperma geniculatum by 11%. Of the husk removal methods tested, flaming was detrimental to seed germination and fatal for one species (R. geniculatum). Compared to manual cleaning, sulphuric acid improved the overall efficacy of the cleaning procedure and increased germination speed (T50) in Austrostipa scabra, Chloris truncata and M. stipoides, and improved final germination in R. geniculatum by 13%.
• The seed processing methods developed and tested in the present study can be applied to grass species that present similar handling and germination performance impediments. These and other technological developments (seed coating and precision sowing) will facilitate more efficient grassland restoration at large scale.

     

跨国种业公司并购形成的国际种业竞争新格局变化趋势研究——以知识产权为例

跨国种业企业第三次大规模的兼并重组形成了新一轮的国际种业竞争格局,而知识产权保护则是跨国种业公司兼并重组的最大动力之一。研究跨国种业公司并购形成的核心知识产权的积聚重组,更能深度考察国际种业竞争新格局的变化趋势。趋势之一,美国、日本和欧盟仍然是全球育种研发创新活动的主导者和垄断者,大规模的兼并重组,实现了技术和资源的整合,提升了国际种业集中度,全球种业42. 75%的专利申请量集中在美国、日本和欧盟,并且掌握着全球64. 68%的DNA重组技术专利。趋势之二,知识产权已经成为跨国种业公司保持市场竞争优势的有力武器,跨国种业公司是核心种业技术专利的拥有者,拜耳/孟山都、中国化工/先正达和杜邦先锋/陶氏的育种专利申请量占全球总育种专利申请量将近14%,全球农作物的转化体81%以上被跨国种业公司所掌握。对国际种业新格局的变化趋势进行研究分析,可以为我国种业兼并重组提供有价值的政策建议。     

基于数值模拟仿真技术的水生态景观规划设计探索

近年,水生态景观的建设性破坏现象与问题层出不穷。如何协调水生态景观复杂系统中并存的水利安全、生态安全和景观需求引发了业界的广泛思考。从水环境特点及其评价因子入手,提出基于数值模拟仿真技术的水生态景观规划设计方法。该方法能够借助计算机模拟技术建立起水景观物理形态与其内在生态特征的动态关系,并通过设计—分析—评价—再设计的循环设计路径,实现多方案比选,提高水生态景观规划设计的科学性和合理性,并进一步促进其多目标融合。结合2个实践案例,对基于数值模拟仿真技术的水生态景观规划设计原理、流程和工具予以阐释,为水生态景观规划设计提供了新思路。     

环链棒束孢Isaria cateinannulata发酵液的化学成分分析

环链棒束孢广泛存在于自然界,并且在植物病虫害防治中起重要作用,目前相关的研究多集中于其发酵条件、生物学特性及杀虫毒力的研究,对该菌发酵液中的化学物质研究甚少。本文依次用石油醚和乙酸乙酯对环链棒束孢发酵液进行分级萃取,借助气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用技术和超高效液相色谱串联四级杆飞行时间质谱法（UPLC/Q-TOF-MS）鉴定分析石油醚萃取物、乙酸乙酯萃取物和萃余物中的化学物质组成。共鉴定69个化合物的结构,其主要化学成分为酚类、酯类、烷烃、烯烃、卤代烃和酮类非极性/弱极性的小分子化合物等,其中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、角鲨烯、环戊烯丙菊酯物质、瓜叶菊素Ⅰ等物质具有特殊的作用。发酵液提取物中还含有多种小分子化学物质,应结合多种色谱分离手段和波普学手段对代谢产物进行分离、纯化和结构鉴定,为其次生代谢产物的广泛利用提供数据支撑。     

Evaluation and application potential of an accelerometer-based collar device for measuring grazing behavior of dairy cows

The commercially available collar device MooMonitor+ was evaluated with regards to accuracy and application potential for measuring grazing behavior. These automated measurements are crucial as cows feed intake behavior at pasture is an important parameter of animal performance, health and welfare as well as being an indicator of feed availability. Compared to laborious and time-consuming visual observation, the continuous and automated measurement of grazing behavior may support and improve the grazing management of dairy cows on pasture. Therefore, there were two experiments as well as a literature analysis conducted to evaluate the MooMonitor+ under grazing conditions. The first experiment compared the automated measurement of the sensor against visual observation. In a second experiment, the MooMonitor+ was compared to a noseband sensor (RumiWatch), which also allows continuous measurement of grazing behavior. The first experiment on n = 12 cows revealed that the automated sensor MooMonitor+ and visual observation were highly correlated as indicated by the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (r_s) = 0.94 and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.97 for grazing time. An r_s-value of 0.97 and CCC = 0.98 was observed for rumination time. In a second experiment with n = 12 cows over 24-h periods, a high correlation between the MooMonitor+ and the RumiWatch was observed for grazing time as indicated by an r_s-value of 0.91 and a CCC-value of 0.97. Similarly, a high correlation was observed for rumination time with an r_s-value of 0.96 and a CCC-value of 0.99. While a higher level of agreement between the MooMonitor+ and both visual observation and RumiWatch was observed for rumination time compared to grazing time, the overall results showed a high level of accuracy of the collar device in measuring grazing and rumination times. Therefore, the collar device can be applied to monitor cow behavior at pasture on farms. With regards to the application potential of the collar device, it may not only be used on commercial farms but can also be applied to research questions when a data resolution of 15 min is sufficient. Thus, at farm level, the farmer can get an accurate and continuous measurement of grazing behavior of each individual cow and may then use those data for decision-making to optimize the animal management.     

榛子种质资源、育种及栽培技术研究进展

榛子是一种重要的经济植物资源,其果实营养及经济价值高,是世界四大干果之一,市场需求量大,国内供不应求。本文综述了国内外榛子种质资源分布现状、引种、品种选育及栽培技术等方面的研究进展,简要评述了中国榛子种质资源利用与规模化种植中存在的问题,展望了相关研究的发展方向,以期为我国榛树良种选育、规范栽培技术及开发研究等提供参考。