缺血预适应对肢体缺血/再灌注骨骼肌、小肠和肺损伤的影响

目的:观察肢体缺血/再灌注(LI/R)后骨骼肌、小肠、肺功能损伤变化,并探讨缺血预适应(IPC)的保护效应及机制。方法:实验用雄性Wistar大鼠24只,随机分为3组(n=8):对照(Control)组,缺血/再灌注(I/R)组和缺血预适应(IPC+I/R)组。分别测定血浆乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和二氧化碳分压(PaCO2),测定血浆血栓素B2(TXB2),6-酮-前列腺素F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)的含量以及TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α比值的变化;测定骨骼肌、小肠、肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)含量,肺湿干比(W/D)及小肠组织DAO含量。观察骨骼肌组织的形态学变化。结果:IPC+I/R组血浆LDH、CK、ROS、MDA、TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α比值明显低于I/R组,PaO2较I/R组明显升高。IPC+I/R组肺湿干比(W/D),骨骼肌、肺、小肠组织MPO含量明显低于I/R组,而小肠DAO活性升高。骨骼肌组织病理学改变减轻。结论:缺血预适应减轻了缺血/再灌注后骨骼肌、小肠、肺功能的损伤,其机制可能与降低氧化损伤、改善TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α的平衡关系有关。     

Lactate is mainly fermented to butyrate by human intestinal microfloras but inter-individual variation is evident

AIM: To assess the role of lactate as a precursor for butyrate biosynthesis in human colonic microflora. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three human faecal microfloras were incubated in vitro with media supplemented with 30 mmol l(-1) unenriched or 13C-enriched lactate. Lactate metabolism and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were quantified. Lactate conversion to butyrate was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the pathways involved were identified by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All human faecal microfloras rapidly and completely fermented lactate, yielding approx. 19 mmol l(-1) total SCFAs. However, the SCFA composition varied markedly between microfloras. Butyrate was the main end-product for two microfloras but not for the third (60 and 61%vs 27% of the net concentration of SCFA produced respectively). The latter was typified by its ability to produce propionate as a major product (37%), and valerate (3%). 13C-Labelling showed that butyrate was produced through the acetyl-CoA pathway and that the three microfloras possessed significant differences in their metabolic pathways for lactate consumption. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the ruminal microflora, the human intestinal microflora can utilize both d- and l-lactate as precursors for butyrate synthesis. Inter-individual variation is found. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study suggests that the butyrogenic capability of colonic prebiotics could be related to lactate availability. These findings will direct the development of selection strategies for the isolation of new butyrate-producing bacteria among the lactate-utilizing bacteria present in the human intestinal microfloras.     

Effect of cadmium on enzymatic digestion and sugar transport in the small intestine of rabbit

Cadmium compounds are found widely in our environment: for example, in food, water, soil, and ambient air. The most important exposure route of animals to cadmium in the general environment is via oral exposure. In oral cadmium intoxication, the immediate target organ is the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present work was to determine how cadmium acts on the intestinal absorption of sugars and on the sucrase activity through rabbit jejunum, after in vitro administration and/or oral administration of CdCl₂ in drinking water. Results obtained show that cadmium decreasesD-galactose accumulation in the jejunum tissue. This effect seems to be the result of an action mainly located on Na⁺-dependent sugar transport of the mucosal border of the intestinal epithelium, because cadmium seemnnot to modify the sugar diffusion across the intestinal epithelium. Cadmium has also been shown to inhibit the (Na⁺-K⁺)-ATPase activity of the enterocyte, which might explain the inhibition of theD-galactose Na⁺-dependent transport. Nevertheless, a direct action of the cadmium molecule on the Na⁺-dependent carrier cannot be discarded. Cadmium altered the sucrose activity when it was administered in the drinking water for 4 d.     

Acute stimulation of ganglionic tyrosine hydroxylase activity by secretin,VIP and PHI

We have examined the ability of a number of neuropeptides to increase tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in the superior cervical ganglion in vitro. Secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) both increased TH activity, whereas angiotensin II, bombesin, bradykinin, cholecystokinin octapeptide, insulin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, [D-Ala², Met³]enkephalinamide, motilin, neurotensin, somatostatin, and substance P produced no effects. Secretin and VIP increased TH activity with an EC₅₀ of 5 nM and 0.5 μM, respectively. The effects of these peptides were not altered by prior decentralization of the ganglia, by addition of hexamethonium (3 mM) and atropine (6 μM), or by lowering the concentration of calcium in the medium to 0.1 mM. Addition of carbachol (3 μM) potentiated the effects of both secretin and VIP on TH activity. Several gastrointestinal peptides with structural similarities to secretin and VIP were examined for their ability to increase TH activity. Glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide and human pancreatic tumor growth hormone-releasing factor produced no effect at a concentration of 10 μM, while PHI increased enzyme activity.     

正常淋巴液与血液的流变性及成分比较

目的：观察大鼠正常肠淋巴液与血液流变性及成分的差别。方法：从45只雄性Wistar大鼠肠系膜淋巴管引流正常肠淋巴液,并记录其流量;同时留取正常颈总动脉血液。检测表观粘度、淋浆及血浆粘度,常规白细胞计数及分类;检测血浆及淋浆的各项生化指标以及蛋白电泳。结果：正常大鼠的肠淋巴流量为（0．68±0．37）ml／h;正常肠淋巴液中的白细胞总数与血液近似,但淋巴细胞数高于血液（P〈0．01）;淋巴液表观粘度、相对粘度及淋浆粘度均显著低于血液或血浆（P〈0．01）;淋浆中的Ca^2＋、BUN、Cre、CHO、HDL、AMY、AFu、C3、IgG、IgM、AIb、TP以及α1-G、β2-G及γ-G所占百分比均显著低于血浆,TG、TBA、CKMB、ADA、CO2-CP以及Alb、β1—G所占百分比均显著高于血浆（P〈0．05—0．01）。结论：肠淋巴途径在物质代谢过程中发挥着重要作用,淋巴液的低粘特征可能是小量淋巴液抗休克的作用机制之一。     

小肠细菌过生长综合征与肠易激综合征关系研究

目的：了解小肠细菌过生长是否和肠易激综合征（IBS)有关,益生素对肠易激综合征的疗效是否与控制小肠细菌过生长有关。方法：92例符合罗马Ⅱ标准的IBS病接受乳果糖氢呼气试验检测是否存在小肠细菌过菌过生长。阳性者予以微生态制剂酪酸梭菌口服治疗2周,停药1周后复诊。比较治疗前后呼气试验的结果和肠易激综合征8种症状的变化,包括腹胀、腹泻、腹痛、排便缓解,粘便不尽感、排便费力、便急。结果：在92例IBS病人中有63例存在小肠细菌过生长,占68．5％,有51例治疗后复查了呼气试验,其中26例转阴,25例仍阳性,转阴率为51．0％,转阴组病人腹痛、腹胀和腹泻3种症状明显改善,未转阴病人则无－症状显著性改变。结论：小肠细菌过生长与肠易激综合征有关;益生素对肠激综合征的疗效与控制小肠细菌过生长有关。     

烧伤后免疫抑制引起肠道细菌易位和脓毒症的病理学研究

近年来,创伤后体内细菌易位造成的内源性感染逐渐受到重视,为了探讨细菌易位的条件和途径等机理。本文利用烧伤后注射大剂量地塞米松的大鼠动物模型,模拟烧伤后应激状态下体内肾上腺皮质激素分泌增多,免疫机能下降的条件,观察肠道和其它脏器的病理改变。观察结果证实,烧伤与大剂量皮质激素确有引起肠道细菌易位和内源性感染,造成脓毒症的叠加作用。其基本条件包括肠道菌群微生态平衡的改变,宿主免疫机能下降和肠粘膜屏障的破坏。易位的肠道细菌主要是通过肠粘膜的坏死灶,上皮细胞坏变缺损处进入肠粘膜淋巴管和小静脉的。超微结构改变包括肠上皮细胞表面的微绒毛倒伏、变形、脱落、上皮细胞顶端崩解破坏,细胞间隙泡状增宽。脓肿中多数细菌微细结构完好,粒细胞和吞噬细胞胞浆中有多量糖元颗粒聚集,提示糖皮质激素可能影响吞噬细胞的糖代谢而降低其吞噬功能,使易位的细菌得以定植形成脓肿感染。     

基于肠-皮肤轴的益生菌改善脱发机制研究进展

随着人们生活压力的提升,许多男性在中年时期出现脱发,严重者甚至会出现斑秃、全秃现象,其中以雄激素脱发最为常见。雄激素脱发的发生主要由于头皮中睾酮(testosterone,T)及其代谢产物二氢睾酮(dihydrotestosterone,DHT)含量较多,其主要机制为毛囊中5α-还原酶将游离的T转化为活性更高的DHT,导致雄激素水平过高。雄激素水平过高会引起毛囊微小化,使毛发生长周期变短而产生脱发。基于肠-皮肤轴的理论,越来越多的研究表明益生菌(probiotics)能够改善或治疗脱发症状。通过益生菌调节肠道菌群的平衡,可促进体内毛发生长因子的表达和毛囊细胞的生长,改善由于压力过大或雄激素水平过高等因素引起的脱发症状。本文主要探讨益生菌与毛发生长的相关性,通过其对神经系统、免疫系统和内分泌系统的调节作用,对益生菌改善脱发的功能和机理进行综述,以期为研发改善脱发的食品和药物提供理论依据。     

Uptake of selenate and selenite by isolated intestinal brush border membrane vesicles from pig,sheep, and rat

Selenate and selenite uptakes by isolated intestinal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from pig, sheep, and rat were investigated. Selenate uptake into jejunal and ileal, but not duodenal, BBMV from pig was stimulated by an inwardly directed transmembrane Na⁺ gradient (Na _out ⁺ >Na _in ⁺ ). Selenate transport into rat ileal and sheep jejunal BBMV was also enhanced in the presence of a Na⁺ gradient. Unlike selenate uptake, selenite uptake was not Na⁺ dependent, neither in pig small intestine nor in sheep jejunum and rat ileum. Uptake of selenate represented real uptake into the vesicular lumen, whereas selenite uptake was a result of an extensive binding of⁷⁵Se to the membranes. Thiosulfate at a 250-fold concentration of selenate completely inhibited Na⁺-dependent selenate uptake into pig jejunal BBMV. Furthermore, Na⁺-dependent sulfate uptake was totally inhibited in the presence of a 250-fold selenate concentration. The results clearly show that selenate transport across the BBM of pig jejunum and ileum, sheep jejunum, and rat ileum is partially energized by a transmembrane Na⁺ gradient. Moreover, it is concluded from the results that there exists a common transport mechanism for sulfate and selenate in the BBM. The extensive binding of⁷⁵Se from⁷⁵Se-labeled selenite to the membranes could be from a spontaneous reaction of selenite with membrane-associated SH groups.