小鼠结核分枝杆菌耐药模型的建立与评价

目的 建立小鼠结核分枝杆菌耐利福平株静脉感染小鼠模型.方法 30只BALB/c雌性小鼠经尾静脉感染结核分枝杆菌耐利福平株每只106 CFU,观察小鼠一般状况,并分别在感染后6周、10周、14周处死小鼠,进行脾、肺组织病理切片、抗酸染色、计脏器荷菌数.结果 感染后小鼠体重呈逐渐上升趋势,脏器病理变化随时间推移由急性炎症逐...     

Change from pre‐settlement to present‐day forest composition reconstructed from early land survey records in eastern Québec,Canada

Questions: What was the tree species composition of forests prior to European settlement at the northern hardwood range limit in eastern Québec, Canada? What role did human activities play in the changes in forest composition in this region? Location: Northern range limit of northern hardwoods in the Lower St. Lawrence region of eastern Québec, Canada. Methods: We used early land survey records (1846–1949) of public lands to reconstruct pre‐settlement forest composition. The data consist of ranked tree species enumerations at points or for segments along surveyed lines, with enumerations of forest cover types and notes concerning disturbances. An original procedure was developed to weigh and combine these differing data types (line versus point observations; taxa versus cover enumerations). Change to present‐day forest composition was evaluated by comparing survey records with forest decadal surveys conducted by the government of Québec over the last 30 years (1980–2009). Results: Pre‐settlement dominance of conifers was strong and uniform across the study area, whereas dominance of maple and birches was patchy. Cedar and spruce were less likely to dominate with increasing altitude, whereas maple displayed the reverse trend. Frequency of disturbances, especially logging and fire, increased greatly after 1900. Comparison of survey records and modern plots showed general increases for maple (mentioned frequency increased by 39%), poplar (36%) and paper birch (31%). Considering only taxa ranked first by surveyors, cedar displayed the largest decrease (19%), whereas poplar (15%) and maple (9%) increased significantly. Conclusions: These changes in forest composition can be principally attributed to clear‐cutting and colonization fire disturbances throughout the 20th century, and mostly reflected the propensity of taxa to expand (maples/aspen) or decline (cedar/spruce) with increased disturbance frequency. Québec's land survey archives provide an additional data source to reconstruct and validate our knowledge of North America's pre‐settlement temperate and sub‐boreal forests.     

Background matters: the effects of estrogen receptor alpha gene disruption on male sexual behavior are modified by background strain

One approach to study interactions between behavior and genetics is to use inbred mice with different genetic backgrounds. To examine the effect of background on a specific gene, we conducted a series of experiments with a well-characterized knockout (KO) mouse, the estrogen receptor alpha KO (ERalphaKO). The ERalphaKO mouse has so far been examined in one inbred line, C57BL/6J. Here, we examined the behavior of ERalphaKO mice within three different backgrounds mixed with C57BL/6J; DBA/2J, BALB/c, and A/J. First, we assessed masculine sexual behavior in both intact male and testosterone-treated female offspring. More ERalphaKO males in the DBA/2J (5/12) and BALB/c (5/13) backcrosses displayed intromissions and many ejaculated as compared with males in a C57BL/6J and A/J mixed background. Many fewer ERalphaKO females than males displayed masculine sexual behavior in any of the three hybrid crosses. We assessed fertility in males from the C57BL/6J by DBA/2J cross and found that one of 12 ERalphaKO males sired a litter. Several other characteristics of sexual behavior and physiology were unaffected by genetic background in ERalphaKO mice. Our data suggest that genetic background has dramatic effects on male sexual behavior and its dependence on the ERalpha gene.     

Predicting and correcting bias caused by measurement error in line transect sampling using multiplicative error models

Line transect sampling is one of the most widely used methods for animal abundance assessment. Standard estimation methods assume certain detection on the transect, no animal movement, and no measurement errors. Failure of the assumptions can cause substantial bias. In this work, the effect of error measurement on line transect estimators is investigated. Based on considerations of the process generating the errors, a multiplicative error model is presented and a simple way of correcting estimates based on knowledge of the error distribution is proposed. Using beta models for the error distribution, the effect of errors and of the proposed correction is assessed by simulation. Adequate confidence intervals for the corrected estimates are obtained using a bootstrap variance estimate for the correction and the delta method. As noted by Chen (1998, Biometrics 54, 899-908), even unbiased estimators of the distances might lead to biased density estimators, depending on the actual error distribution. In contrast with the findings of Chen, who used an additive model, unbiased estimation of distances, given a multiplicative model, lead to overestimation of density. Some error distributions result in observed distance distributions that make efficient estimation impossible, by removing the shoulder present in the original detection function. This indicates the need to improve field methods to reduce measurement error. An application of the new methods to a real data set is presented.     

Middle Pleistocene handaxes from the Korean Peninsula

We present four biface assemblages from an archaeologically poorly known region of the Old World: Middle Pleistocene Korea. The handaxes are derived from a series of Middle Pleistocene localities in the Imjin/Hantan River Basins (IHRB) in Korea. The best known of these localities is Chongokni, although a number of equally important sites in the IHRB have been discovered and excavated over the course of the past two decades (e.g., Kumpari, Chuwoli, and Kawoli). Reanalysis of the age of the Chongokni deposits suggests a hominin occupation between 350-300 ka. Comparative study of the IHRB handaxes with the well-known bifacial implements from Olorgesailie (Kenya) and Hunsgi-Baichbal (India) indicates that the often-noted "thick" trait of the East Asian handaxes differs at a statistical level across the various regions of the Old World. The finds from the IHRB sites, and the Chinese sites of Bose and Dingcun that contain handaxes-like implement, question the validity of the Movius Line sensu stricto. However, why East Asian Middle Pleistocene hominins did not consistently produce more refined bifaces across broader regional and/or temporal facies, remains open to question. Thus, the absence of similar sites in wider areas of Early and Middle Pleistocene East Asia suggests that the Movius Line sensu lato is still supportable and warrants additional detailed cross comparative studies of the stone toolkits east and west of the line.     

Fishing top predators indirectly affects condition and reproduction in a reef-fish community

To examine the indirect effects of fishing on energy allocation in non-target prey species, condition and reproductive potential were measured for five representative species (two-spot red snapper Lutjanus bohar, arc-eye hawkfish Paracirrhites arcatus, blackbar devil Plectroglyphidodon dickii, bicolour chromis Chromis margaritifer and whitecheek surgeonfish Acanthurus nigricans) from three reef-fish communities with different levels of fishing and predator abundance in the northern Line Islands, central Pacific Ocean. Predator abundance differed by five to seven-fold among islands, and despite no clear differences in prey abundance, differences in prey condition and reproductive potential among islands were found. Body condition (mean body mass adjusted for length) was consistently lower at sites with higher predator abundance for three of the four prey species. Mean liver mass (adjusted for total body mass), an indicator of energy reserves, was also lower at sites with higher predator abundance for three of the prey species and the predator. Trends in reproductive potential were less clear. Mean gonad mass (adjusted for total body mass) was high where predator abundance was high for only one of the three species in which it was measured. Evidence of consistently low prey body condition and energy reserves in a diverse suite of species at reefs with high predator abundance suggests that fishing may indirectly affect non-target prey-fish populations through changes in predation and predation risk.     

家蚕近交系遗传纯度的RAPD检测

目的分析家蚕近交系IS-c108A的遗传纯度,为家蚕实验动物化的培育工作提供指导。方法应用经过筛选的20条随机引物对家蚕近交系IS-c108A(F10)的3个蛾区各30个个体和该近交系的亲本系统c108、对照实用化品种871各30个个体的基因组DNA进行RAPD扩增,计算个体间和蛾区间的相似系数及遗传距离。结果家蚕近交系IS-c108A(F10)的3个蛾区内的多态性带频率分别为1.807%、1.841%、1.841%,平均为1.830%;起点亲本c108个体间多态性带频率为7.207%,对照品种871个体间的多态性带频率为7.08%;而近交系IS-c108A与c108之间的多态性带频率为49.20%,c108和871品种之间的多态性带频率为58.33%。家蚕近交系IS-c108A10的3个蛾区内个体之间遗传相似系数的平均值分别为0.99581、0.99555、0.99551,总平均为0.99562。结论家蚕近交系IS-c108A(F10)已具有较高的遗传纯合度,家蚕具有易于获得高纯的有利条件。     

红鲫近交系的建立

目的应用人工雌核发育繁殖技术建立红鲫近交系.方法红鲫卵子被经紫外线照射的鲤鱼精子激活后,在0～4℃的温度下进行冷休克处理30min,再在常温下静水孵化;以红体色为遗传标记,在连续2代雌核发育子代中选择二倍体红鲫,放置水泥池中常规饲养;用同样的人工雌核发育繁殖技术进行保种,随机交配繁殖1～2代供应实验;用常规方法测量形态学指标.结果红鲫卵子激活率在91%以上;实验组2中摄食期仔鱼成活率为15.20%,80%的成鱼为二倍体红鲫,其中有较高比例的遗传上真实的雄性个体.鳞式主要为27(5)/(6)28;鳍式主要为D.i,17～18;A.i,6;V.i,7～8;P.i,15～16;C.24～25;其他外部形态指标与封闭群红鲫近似.结论本实验建立的人工雌核发育繁殖技术,设备要求简单,操作安全可靠,并且省时节资,完全能够用于培育鱼类近交系,本实验结果完全可以满足育种繁殖的要求;所获得的二倍体红鲫,经同工酶电泳等检测,被证实是纯合的,具备鱼类近交系品系特征;出现遗传上真实的雄性个体是正常的.     

Coupling between line tension and domain contact angle in heterogeneous membranes

The compositional differences between domains in phase-separated membranes are associated with differences in bilayer thickness and moduli. The resulting packing deformation at the phase boundary gives rise to a line tension, the one dimensional equivalent of surface tension. In this paper we calculate the line tension between a large membrane domain and a continuous phase as a function of the thickness mismatch and the contact angle between the phases. We find that the packing-induced line tension is sensitive to the contact angle, reaching a minimum at a specific value. The difference in the line tension between a flat domain (that is within the plane of the continuous phase) and a domain at the optimal contact angle may be of order 40%. This could explain why previous calculations of the thickness mismatch based line tension tend to yield values that are higher than those measured experimentally.     

不同杂种优势群玉米籽粒脱水速率分析

研究不同杂种优势群玉米自交系籽粒脱水速率的特性,筛选脱水速率快的自交系,为选育适应机械化作业的玉米杂交种提供借鉴。本试验采用烘干测定173份玉米自交系的籽粒的脱水速率及其相关性状,利用覆盖玉米全基因组的210对SSR标记对实验材料进行全基因组扫描,通过Structure V2.3.4 软件揭示其群体结构。对不同杂种优势群平均籽粒脱水速率进行方差分析,并筛选出各个群中籽粒灌浆速率快的自交系。研究结果如下：籽粒脱水速率在不同自交系间存在显著差异,与苞叶、穗轴及籽粒的含水率等性状间存在显著相关性。试验共筛选到脱水速率大于1%的自交系20个;授粉后40天时籽粒的含水率低于21%的自交系10个。参试自交系分成P、旅大红骨、瑞德、兰卡斯特和塘四平头5个杂种优势群;授粉后40天脱水速率依次是Reid群0.92%、Lancaster群0.85%、旅大红骨群0.82%、混合群0.80%、P群0.76%、塘四平头群0.56%。