全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7053篇 |
免费 | 1583篇 |
国内免费 | 965篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 100篇 |
2023年 | 355篇 |
2022年 | 367篇 |
2021年 | 513篇 |
2020年 | 458篇 |
2019年 | 423篇 |
2018年 | 339篇 |
2017年 | 366篇 |
2016年 | 309篇 |
2015年 | 313篇 |
2014年 | 399篇 |
2013年 | 502篇 |
2012年 | 325篇 |
2011年 | 352篇 |
2010年 | 294篇 |
2009年 | 357篇 |
2008年 | 362篇 |
2007年 | 377篇 |
2006年 | 319篇 |
2005年 | 305篇 |
2004年 | 255篇 |
2003年 | 263篇 |
2002年 | 205篇 |
2001年 | 168篇 |
2000年 | 142篇 |
1999年 | 145篇 |
1998年 | 115篇 |
1997年 | 98篇 |
1996年 | 103篇 |
1995年 | 92篇 |
1994年 | 88篇 |
1993年 | 69篇 |
1992年 | 68篇 |
1991年 | 69篇 |
1990年 | 46篇 |
1989年 | 50篇 |
1988年 | 41篇 |
1987年 | 45篇 |
1986年 | 33篇 |
1985年 | 54篇 |
1984年 | 42篇 |
1983年 | 32篇 |
1982年 | 48篇 |
1981年 | 34篇 |
1980年 | 26篇 |
1979年 | 23篇 |
1978年 | 30篇 |
1977年 | 25篇 |
1976年 | 16篇 |
1975年 | 12篇 |
排序方式: 共有9601条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
141.
摘要 目的:探讨抑郁症患者的脑CT灌注成像特征与认知功能的相关性。方法:选取我院2020年1月到2023年1月收治的90例抑郁症患者作为研究对象,将其分为观察组,另选取同期来我院体检的90名健康志愿者作为对照组。收集所有受检者脑CT灌注成像检查数据,分析抑郁症患者的脑CT灌注成像特征,并建立受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析脑CT灌注成像对抑郁症的诊断效能。随后对观察组和对照组受检者均进行认知功能评估,其中包括连线检测(TMT)、视觉再生测验(VRT)、言语流畅性测验(VF)、数字广度测验(DST)以及数字符号测验(SDMT),并分析脑CT灌注成像与抑郁症认知功能的相关性。结果:观察组与对照组受检者rCBV、rCBF、MTT、TIP、右枕叶、左枕叶、右颞叶、左颞叶、右顶叶、左顶叶CT值对比无明显差异(P>0.05),观察组与对照组受检者右额叶、左额叶CT值对比差异显著,观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05);90例抑郁症患者经过汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评估后分数均>20分,确定存在抑郁症状,脑CT灌注成像与HAMD评分诊断抑郁症的准确性、灵敏度、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值对比无明显差异(P>0.05),脑CT灌注成像的曲线下面积为83.89,最佳诊断着色界限值为82.53%,HAMD评分的曲线下面积为84.26,最佳诊断着色界限值为87.57%;观察组与对照组受检者连线提笔数、连线错误数、视觉再生检测结果对比无明显差异(P>0.05),观察组与对照组受检者连线、言语流畅性、数字广度、数字符号检测结果对比差异显著(P<0.05);Spearman相关分析结果表明:连线提笔数、连线错误数、视觉再生与脑CT灌注参数均无明显相关性(P>0.05),连线、言语流畅性、数字广度、数字符号与rCBV、rCBF、MTT、TIP、右枕叶、左枕叶、右颞叶、左颞叶、右顶叶、左顶叶CT值无明显相关性(P>0.05),连线与右额叶、左额叶CT值呈负相关(P<0.05),言语流畅性、数字广度、数字符号与右额叶、左额叶CT值呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:抑郁症患者的脑CT灌注成像与健康群体呈现差异,其中右额叶、左额叶差异情况最为显著,提示抑郁症患者可能存在大脑额叶功能改变,另外,抑郁症患者的大脑额叶功能与认知功能变化具有明显相关性。 相似文献
142.
Joel S. Brown Thomas L. Vincent 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1992,46(5):1269-1283
We consider a simple predator-prey model of coevolution. By allowing coevolution both within and between trophic levels the model breaks the traditional dichotomy between coevolution among competitors and coevolution between a prey and its predator. By allowing the diversity of prey and predator species to emerge as a property of the evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS), the model breaks another constraint of most approaches to coevolution that consider as fixed the number of coevolving species. The number of species comprising the ESS is influenced by a parameter that determines the predator's niche breadth. Depending upon the parameter's value the ESS may contain: 1) one prey and one predator species, 2) two prey and one predator, 3) two prey and two predators, 4) three prey and two predators, 5) three prey and three predators, etc. Evolutionarily, these different ESSs all emerge from the same model. Ecologically, however, these ESSs result in very different patterns of community organization. In some communities the predator species are ecologically keystone in that their removal results in extinctions among the prey species. In others, the removal of a predator species has no significant impact on the prey community. These varied ecological roles for the predator species contrasts sharply with the essential evolutionary role of the predators in promoting prey species diversity. The ghost of predation past in which a predator's insignificant ecological role obscures its essential evolutionary role may be a frequent property of communities of predator and prey. 相似文献
143.
J. H. Lawton D. E. Bignell G. F. Bloemers P. Eggleton M. E. Hodda 《Biodiversity and Conservation》1996,5(2):261-273
Theoretically, there are three principal ways in which ecosystem processes might respond to reductions in species richness. These theories are reviewed, and then considered in the context of a study of the diversity of soil nematodes and termites in near-primary forest sites at Mbalmayo, Cameroon, and the contribution made by these two taxa to carbon fluxes (CO2 and CH4) from the forest floor. Nematode abundances average 2.04 × 106 m-2, and termites between 2933 and 6957 m-2. The site is the most species-rich yet investigated for both groups anywhere in the world, so that a very large number of species contribute to carbon fluxes. We speculate about how much redundancy might be built into the functioning of both assemblages, and point out the enormous difficulties of resolving such questions, and of producing such detailed species-inventories. 相似文献
144.
微生物产生的木聚糖酶的功能和应用 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
术聚糖是一种异质多糖,主要由木糖和阿拉伯糖组成。微生物产生的木聚糖酶来源广泛,能将木聚糖水解为木寡糖和D-木糖。该酶具有极大的应用价值,如可用于纸浆的漂白以减少环境污染,也可将造纸工业及农业废料中的木聚糖转化为D-木糖。 相似文献
145.
Takeshi Nishimura Setsuko Yamamoto Takaaki Yamamoto Munekiyo Kaneko Youichi Hara 《Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators》1996,51(2):149-159
The antithrombotic effect of topical application of the 3-oxamethano-prostaglandin (PG) I1 analog, SM-10902 in the microcirculation and in vitro antiplatelet functions of its active form SM-10906 were estimated in comparison with PGI2 and PGE1. In rat platelets, SM-10906 evoked accumulation of intracellular cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, and exhibited antiaggregatory and disaggregatory activities, which were all enhanced by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor theophylline. Additionally, SM-10906 was shown to inhibit platelet adhesion to collagen in human platelet-rich plasma. PGI2 and PGE1 also showed in vitro antiplatelet effects in the order of PGI2 > SM-10906 ≥ PGE1. SM-10902 exhibited a dose-dependent antithrombotic effect in the guinea pig mesenteric arteriole by a topical application, and this activity might be exerted by the antiplatelet functions of SM-10906. Although SM-10906, PGI2 and PGE1 also showed the antithrombotic effects, SM-10902 was the most potent. In conclusion, the present studies indicate that an external topical preparation of SM-10902 may be useful for the therapy of peripheral circulatory insufficiency. 相似文献
146.
Root water uptake of field-growing plants indicated by measurements of natural-abundance deuterium 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Measurements of stable-isotope ratios of water extracted from stems and, in some studies, soils are increasingly being used to study the integrated root function of field-growing plants. This study explored if additional measurements on water extracted from roots could indicate the activity of roots in different areas of the soil profile and their influence on canopy water sources, so providing advantages over more common sampling strategies. Studies were conducted on trees and shrubs located in diverse habitats: a saline, semi-arid floodplain, a subhumid mountain-range front and a cold desert. At each site, roots, soil immediately surrounding the roots, and plant stems were sampled. Roots were taken from different depths in the soil, to approximately 2 m at one site. Overall, 80% of roots sampled had H isotope ratios different from the surrounding soil. The differences up to 37, were significant (p<0.05) at two of the sites. Thus water in most of the roots sampled did not come entirely, if at all, from the surrounding soil, illustrating movement and possible mixing of water within the root system. This condition was not simply related to the availability of water surrounding the soil, which was also measured. There were also differences in root and stem H isotope ratios (up to 17) in 67% of samples, although the difference was only significant in shallow samples from the floodplain. The general similarity in stem and root 2H values indicates that most roots sampled were involved in the main supply of water to the canopy. Patterns of root function varied between the individual sites. Trees were primarily using groundwater at the floodplain and mountain front sites, as the surface soils had mean matric potentials of-1800 kPa. At the mountain front site, the surface roots were transporting groundwater to the canopy in isolation form the surrounding soil. In contrast, surface roots at the floodplain were taking up water from the surrounding soil, although this water was not a significant source in the trees' overall water supply. This activity of surface roots would not have been evident from the 2H data without the root samples. At the cold desert the roots in moist surface soil provided the main source of water for the shrubs. There too the root data indicated different water uptake patterns than otherwise would have been assumed. The root data showed that groundwater could not have been a water source, a conclusion which had been reached in a previous study. Thus measurements of stable isotope ratios in root water may be a valuable tool in assessing water uptake patterns and root function. 相似文献
147.
Quantification of net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) in soils is indispensable in order to optimize N fertilization of crops.
Two long-term laboratory incubation methods were applied to determine rates of net nitrogen mineralization (rNNM) of soils from two sites of arable land (sandy loam soil, silty loam soil) at four temperature levels (2°C, 8°C, 14°C, 21°C).
Since variability within replicates was small, the modified 12-week incubation method of Stanford and Smith (1972) using disturbed
soils allowed to establish reliable Arrhenius functions with reasonable expenditure. The fit of the functions derived from
the 5-month incubation of 23 undisturbed soil columns (4420 cm3) was worse. This was caused by greater variability and less differentiation between temperature levels. Results of both experiments
could be described best by zero-order kinetics. Mean mineralization rates of disturbed samples were approximately twice as
high than those of undisturbed samples. The suitability of both methods for the prediction of NNM at site conditions is discussed.
Actual respiration (AR) at incubation temperatures and substrate induced respiration (SIR) were measured at the end of the
incubation of undisturbed soil columns. The results presented reveal that soil microbial communities develop in a different
manner during long-term incubation at different temperatures. This behavior offends the underlying assumption that soil microbes
remain in steady-state during incubation and that rising rates are physiological reactions to temperature enhancement. Therefore
soil microbial biomass (SMB) dynamics during the experiment has to be accounted for when rates of NNM and Arrhenius functions
are established. R Merck Section editor 相似文献
148.
K. Terasawa A. Sakai Y. Yanagidaira M. Takeoka K. Asano T. Fujiwara K. Yanagisawa O. Kashimura G. Ueda 《International journal of biometeorology》1995,38(3):126-130
To examine cardiopulmonary function during exercise in a mountainous region at moderate altitude, we measured cardiac frequency, oxygen consumption
, and percentage arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (%SaO2) before and after a bicycle race with a starting point at 638 m and finishing point at 1980 m. The time required to ascend an elevation of 10 m was prolonged with increasing altitude, and heart rate also increased with altitude. The %SaO2 at the starting point and at the finishing point differed significantly (P<0.01). Faster cyclists exhibited higher %SaO2 and lower
, while slower cyclists exhibited a reduction in %SaO2 and an increase in
immediately after the race. The %SaO2 recovery time was significantly correlated with the racing time (r=0.54,P<0.001). Therefore, the faster cyclists' oxygen debt upon completion of the race may be small and recovery of cardiopulmonary function may be fast, while the slower cyclists' oxygen debt may be large and recovery of cardiopulmonary function may be slow. 相似文献
149.
Approximate likelihood ratios for general estimating functions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The method of estimating functions (Godambe, 1991) is commonlyused when one desires to conduct inference about some parametersof interest but the full distribution of the observations isunknown. However, this approach may have limited utility, dueto multiple roots for the estimating function, a poorly behavedWald test, or lack of a goodness-of-fit test. This paper presentsapproximate likelihood ratios that can be used along with estimatingfunctions when any of these three problems occurs. We show thatthe approximate likelihood ratio provides correct large sampleinference under very general circumstances, including clustereddata and misspecified weights in the estimating function. Twomethods of constructing the approximate likelihood ratio, onebased on the quasi-likelihood approach and the other based onthe linear projection approach, are compared and shown to beclosely related. In particular we show that quasi-likelihoodis the limit of the projection approach. We illustrate the techniquewith two applications. 相似文献
150.
João M. Pizauro Pietro Ciancaglini Francisco A. Leone 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1995,145(2):121-129
S-2-(3 aminopropylamino) ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) shown to surpass radical scavenging thiols in their radioprotective efficacy in cancer-type diseases has been tested for its protective potential in the reperfused heart. We investigated the radical scavenger properties of the compound in a radical generating systemin vitro as well as in isolated rat hearts subjected to 30 min ischaemia and 30 min reperfusion with the electron-paramagnetic resonance spin trap technique. The action on high-energy phosphates is observed by means of phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy while its influence on left ventricular systolic segmental length change (SSLC) during 60 min reperfusion following 60 min regional ischaemia was assessed with a fibreoptic system in anaesthetized open-chest rats. WR-2721 (0.1 mM) reduced the vascular concentration of radical adduct in isolated hearts by up to 78% (275±84% of pre-ischaemic baseline values vs 1260±413%, p<0.05) between 5 and 12.5 min reperfusion. This was accompanied by a reduction of the left ventricular end diastolic pressure to pre-ischaemic values at 30 min of reperfusion (9±6 mmHg vs 42±8 mmHg in the absence of WR-2721, p<0.02). An accelerated recovery of creatine phosphate levels (78±5% of pre-ischaemia values vs 41±5% within 60 min reperfusion; p<0.05) was observed under similar conditions with NMR-spectroscopy, although the post-ischaemic tissue content of adenosine triphosphate was not affected. The administration of WR-2721 (0.5 mmol/kg body weight) ledin situ to an accelerated restoration of contractile activity in the post-ligated left ventricular area reflected by the post-ischaemic recovery of SSLC (64±10% of pre-ischaemic values compared with 27±6% in control animals 60 min following reperfusion; p<0.02). The present data confirm an effective reduction in the exposure of the reperfused heart to endogenously released free radicals by WR-2721, a partial preservation of high-energy phosphates and an improvement in post-ischaemic contractility and encourage further investigation of such favourable action in injured myocardium. 相似文献