The temporal effects of Dufour's gland secretion in host discrimination by Nemeritis canescens

Behavioural experiments with Nemeritis canescens Grav. have demonstrated that the secretions from its Dufour's gland are used as a marker pheromone which can affect the behaviour of other wasps towards host caterpillars bearing it. The external marker is produced within the complex of secretions from the Dufour's gland and has oviposition deterrent effect which lasts approximately 32 h after deposition.The sequence of behaviour patterns shown by individual Nemeritis is described and shows a significant increase in escape and avoidance reactions towards Ephestia caterpillars treated topically with the Dufour's gland contents.This paper presents evidence for the first time to indicate that Nemeritis reacts to an external marker as well as to an internal one. Similar behaviour towards filter paper treated topically with contents of whole Dufour's gland and its component heneicosane contribute evidence for the conclusion that the gland contents influence the wasp's behaviour and hence its avoidance of superparasitism of its host.

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Effets temporels de la sécrétion de la glande de Dufour sur la sélection des hôtes par Nemeritis canescens grav

Résumé Des expériences sur le comportement de N. canescens ont montré que les sécrétions de la glande de Dufour sont utilisées comme phéromone de marquage pouvant affecter le comportement des autres hyménoptères face aux chenilles contaminées. Ce maqueur externe est produit à partir des sécrétions de la glande de Dufour, il a un effet dissuasif qui dure environ 32 heures après son émission.La séquence des actes comportementaux de Nemeritis montre un accroissement significatif de réactions de fuite et d'évitement face à des chenilles d'Ephestia traitées superficiellement avec du contenu des glandes de Dufour.Cet article prouve pour la première fois que Nemeritis réagit aussi bien à des marqueurs externes qu'internes. Un comportement analogue vis à vis de papier filtre imprégné du contenu des glandes de Dufour et de son constituant hénéicosane constitue une preuve que le contenu de la glande influe sur le comportement de l'hymenoptère et ainsi lui évite de superparasiter ses hôtes.

     

Predicted Secondary Structure for 28S and 18S rRNA from Ichneumonoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apocrita): Impact on Sequence Alignment and Phylogeny Estimation

We utilize the secondary structural properties of the 28S rRNA D2–D10 expansion segments to hypothesize a multiple sequence alignment for major lineages of the hymenopteran superfamily Ichneumonoidea (Braconidae, Ichneumonidae). The alignment consists of 290 sequences (originally analyzed in Belshaw and Quicke, Syst Biol 51:450–477, 2002) and provides the first global alignment template for this diverse group of insects. Predicted structures for these expansion segments as well as for over half of the 18S rRNA are given, with highly variable regions characterized and isolated within conserved structures. We demonstrate several pitfalls of optimization alignment and illustrate how these are potentially addressed with structure-based alignments. Our global alignment is presented online at (http://hymenoptera.tamu.edu/rna) with summary statistics, such as basepair frequency tables, along with novel tools for parsing structure-based alignments into input files for most commonly used phylogenetic software. These resources will be valuable for hymenopteran systematists, as well as researchers utilizing rRNA sequences for phylogeny estimation in any taxon. We explore the phylogenetic utility of our structure-based alignment by examining a subset of the data under a variety of optimality criteria using results from Belshaw and Quicke (2002) as a benchmark.Access to on-line data: http://hymenoptera.tamu.edu/rna; username, ichs; password, ichzzz     

中国东北地区新凿姬蜂属的研究(膜翅目:姬蜂科)

本文报道在中国东北地区发现的新凿姬蜂属４种,其中１新种、２中国新纪录种。所有标本均保存在林业部森林病虫害防治总站。     

中国锥唇姬蜂属两新种(膜翅目:姬蜂科)

本文报道采自辽宁、山西省的我国新记录属：锥唇姬蜂属Ｃａｅｎｏｃｒｙｐｔｕｓ Ｔｈｏｍｓｏｎ的两个新种：白斑锥唇姬蜂Ｃａｅｎｏｃｒｙｐｔｕｓ ａｌｂｉｍａｃｕｌａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和柳锥唇姬蜂Ｃａｅｎｏｃｒｙｐｔｕｓ ｓａｌｉｃｉｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,标本保存在林业部森林病虫害防治总站。     

新疆蚜蝇姬蜂属三新种记述：膜翅目：姬蜂科：蚜蝇姬蜂亚科

新疆蚜蝇姬蜂属三新种记述（膜翅目：姬蜂科：蚜蝇姬蜂亚科）马祁,王登元,王锁牢新疆农科院植物保护研究所新疆乌鲁木齐市８３００００新疆八一农学院植物保护系新疆乌鲁木齐市８３００５２关键词膜翅目,姬蜂科,蚜蝇姬蜂属,新种,中国本文记述了蚜蝇姬蜂属ＤＩ’ｐｌ...     

中国短脉姬蜂属纪要及三新种描述：（膜翅目：姬蜂科）

本文报道中国的５种短脉姬蜂Ｂｒａｃｈｙｎｅｒｖｕｓ Ｕｃｈｉｄａ,其中有３个新种：截距短脉姬蜂Ｂ．ｔｒｕｎｃａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,牯岭短脉姬蜂Ｂ．ｋｕｌｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和锚斑短脉姬蜂Ｂ．ａｎｃｈｏｒｉｍａｃｕｌｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;以及２个已知种;混短脉姬蜂Ｂ．ｃｏｎｆｕｓｕｓ Ｇａｕｌｄ北京短脉姬蜂Ｂ．ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ Ｗａｎｇ。对新种作了描述,并报道寄主为刺蛾科昆虫     

脊唇姬蜂属一新种：膜翅目：姬蜂科

本文记述姬蜂科犁姬蜂亚科脊唇姬蜂属一新种,正模、副模,采自海南省。     

Competitive interaction between Cotesia kazak and Hyposoter didymator, exotic parasitoids of Heliothis armigera

Competitive interaction between two introduced parasitoids of Heliothis armigera (Hb.) i.e. the braconid Cotesia kazak Telenga and the ichneumonid Hyposoter didymator (Thunb.) was studied in the laboratory. C. kazak and H. didymator individually parasitized about 55% H. armigera larvae, the combination of the two parasitoids gave more than 75% parasitism. C. kazak was found to be more effective, when the host was exposed to both parasitoids at the same time, reduced H. didymator population by 69% to 24 h. It is, therefore, better to release these two parasitoids individually in different locations to avoid any possible competitive interaction between the two. No difference in developmental time was observed irrespective of parasitoid sequence.

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Résumé Les interactions liées à la compétition entre deux parasitoïdes introduits d'H. armigera, le braconide C. kazak et l'ichneumonide H. didymator ont été examinées au laboratoire pour évaluer leur efficacité dans la nature. Séparément, C. kazak et H. didymator ont parasité respectivement 55% et 58% des chenilles d'H. armigera, et en combinaison, par multiparasitisme, 75%. Dans toutes les combinaisons de superparasitisme, après 24 h d'exposition, C. kazak a réduit de plus de 69% l'action de H. didymator. En plus de la mortalité des hôtes liées au succès du parasitisme, une mortalité larvaire élevée (23%) a été observée dans les cas de multiparasitisme, contre 10% avec parasitisme par une espèce. Cependant, quelle que soit la combinaison, la durée de développement de chacune des espèces n'a pas été modifiée. Puisque H. didymator s'est révélé intrinsèquement inférieur, il est suggéré de la lâcher le premier. C. kazak est un parasitoïde valable pour des libérations, là où déplacement compétitif de l'autre parasite n'est pas réalisé ou délibérément nécessaire.

     

Ecological and morphological characteristics of endoparasitoids on Elcysma westwoodii (Vollenhoven) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)

Six species of insect endoparasitoids were identified from Elcysma westwoodii, which is the most damaging lepidopteran pest of Prunus yedoensis. From Hymenoptera, two species were identified: a species in Braconidae and Charops striatus in Ichneumonidae. From Diptera, there were four species in Tachinidae: Compsilura concinnata, Exorista sp., Pales sp. and Tachinidae spp. The parasitic ratio was 4.86% (45 of 926 larvae). The hymenopterans were parasitic on 31 individuals of E. westwoodii (68.9%) and the dipterans were parasitic on 14 individuals (31.1%). It was found that parasitoids from the larvae of E. westwoodii were all either endoparasitoids or larval parasitoids. However, Exorista sp. of Tachinidae was found to be either a larval parasitoid or larval-pupal parasitoid. Additionally, all the identified parasitoids were solitary parasitoids, as only one parasite occurred in a larva of E. westwoodii. Because the larva of E. westwoodii eats and molts after it is parasitized, all the parasitoids were identified as koinobionts. There were no big differences in morphological characteristics and life histories between C. striatus and C. concinnata. However, for Exorista sp. and Pales sp., males took 3–5 days longer to emerge from their pupae and had remarkably longer body lengths than females.     

Study on two unrecorded genera,Barycnemis Förster and Phradis Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tersilochinae), from South Korea

Six genera of the subfamily Tersilochinae (Barycnemis, Diaparsis, Gelanes, Phradis, Probles and Tersilochus) are recognized in South Korea. Two genera, Diaparsis and Tersilochus, were previously recognized from South Korea, whereas the other four genera are recorded from this country for the first time. All genera found in South Korea, except the almost cosmopolitan Diaparsis, are entirely or predominantly Holarctic. A key to the six genera of Tersilochine occurring in South Korea is provided. Two genera of Korean Tersilochinae (Barycnemis and Phradis) are reviewed here, and a key to the other four species (B. bellator, B. dissimilis, P. kyushuensis and P. nikishenae) is provided in this paper.