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31.
32.
Ahmed S. Rahman Mieko Kimura Katsuhiko Yokoi Tanvir-E Naher Yoshinori Itokawa 《Biological trace element research》1996,53(1-3):57-64
Three groups of rats were fed two types of synthetic diets for 52 d. The—A group was allowed free access to a vitamin A-deficient
diet and showed classical signs of vitamin A deficiency. The brain was the only organ in our experiment where no significant
weight difference was present among the three groups. In the brain, calcium concentration was significantly higher in the—A
group when compared with the PF (Pair-fed; allowed restricted amount of control diet) and +A groups (allowed free access to
control diet). In the tibia, calcium and magnesium concentrations were significantly lower in the—A group when compared with
other two groups. Excessive accumulation of calcium in brain and apparently similar unbalance in bone, mineral concentration
were observed in central nervous system (CNS) degenerative diseases. Our results suggest that abnormal metabolism of calcium
and magnesium in some tissues and excessive accumulation of calcium in brain may be responsible for the development of neurological
disorders in vitamin A-deficient rats. 相似文献
33.
U. Skiba K. J. Hargreaves I. J. Beverland D. H. ONeill D. Fowler J. B. Moncrieff 《Plant and Soil》1996,181(1):139-144
Measurements of N2O emission fluxes from a 3 ha field of winter wheat were measured using eddy covariance and relaxed eddy accumulation continuously over 10 days during April 1994. The measurements averaged fluxes over approximately 105 m2 of the field, which was fertilised with NH4NO3 at a rate of 43 kg N ha-1 at the beginning of the measurements. The emission fluxes became detectable after the first heavy rainfall, which occured 4 days after fertiliser application. Emissions of N2O increased rapidly during the day following the rain to a maximum of 280 ng N m-2s-1 and declined over the following week. During the period of significant emission fluxes, a clear diurnal cycle in N2O emission was observed, with the daytime maximum coinciding with the soil temperature maximum at 12 cm depth. The temperature dependence of the N2O emission was equivalent to an activation energy for N2O production of 108 kJ mol-1. The N2O fluxes measured using relaxed eddy accumulation, averaged over 30 to 270 min, were in agreement with those of the eddy covariance system within 60%. The total emission of N2O over the period of continuous measurement (10 days) was equivalent to about 10 kg N2O-N, or 0.77% of the N fertiliser applied. 相似文献
34.
P. J. den Besten C. A. Schmidt M. Ohm M. M. Ruys J. W. van Berghem C. van de Guchte 《Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery (Formerly Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health)》1995,4(4):257-270
The quality of sediment was assessed in 46 sites in the delta of the rivers Rhine and Meuse (The Netherlands) by means of physical-chemical analysis, field observations on the macrobenthic community structure, accumulation studies and bioassays using Chironomus riparius, Daphnia magna and Photobacterium phosphoreum. The results of chemical analyses were classified using national criteria for sediment quality. Results of field studies and bioassays were classified using criteria derived from research in reference areas or based on data from literature. Risk assessment was carried out according to the sediment quality triad and by means of multi criteria analysis (MCA). The Triad approach was used to demonstrate causal relations between effects on the macrozoobenthos community structure, effects demonstrated in bioassays and sediment pollution. This was done by making a comparison of sediment contamination levels with toxicity data from literature for the test organisms of the bioassays. Using the MCA method, for each site a numerical value was derived for total environmental risk in the present situation, based on observed effects. In this way, a relative risk ranking of all sites was realized. The MCA values for the present situation were also compared with MCA scores based on estimated risks after remediation in 1995, in order to set priorities for sites where remediation is expected to cause a significant reduction in environmental risk. In most of the 46 sites studied so far, the macrofauna community was poorly developed, judged by a low number of benthic species, low abundances and a high dominance of species regarded as relatively tolerant to chemical pollution. In bioassays high sediment toxicity was demonstrated for 24 sites. Using the sediment quality triad approach, 25 sites were identified as areas where pollution can be held responsible for the effects observed in the field. From a comparison of contaminant concentrations in different types of food with maximum tolerable risk levels, and the application of a bioaccumulation model it was concluded that the sediment pollution also implies high risks for plant-, benthos- or fish-eating birds (secondary poisoning of top predators). In the Nieuwe Merwede highest MCA risk scores were found for shallow parts where highly polluted sediments are found. It is concluded that the sediment quality triad and the MCA provide additional information which can be used to establish priorities for remedial action. Based on an ecotoxicological evaluation of the improved quality of new sediments that will be deposited after removal of the polluted sediments in the Nieuwe Merwede, it is concluded that in this upstream part of the Rhine delta remedial action will be effective. 相似文献
35.
Kelem Kassahun Pei Hu Mark P. Grillo Margaret R. Davis Lixia Jin Thomas A. Baillie 《Chemico-biological interactions》1994,90(3):253-275
The ability of 2-n-propyl-4-pentenoic acid (Δ4-VPA) and 2-n-propyl-2(E)-pentenoic acid ([E]-Δ2-VPA), two unsaturated metabolites of valproic acid (VPA), to form reactive intermediates, deplete hepatic glutathione (GSH) and cause accumulation of liver triglycerides was investigated in the rat. With the aid of ionspray liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), three GSH adducts were detected in the bile of Δ4-VPA-treated animals and were identified as 4-hydroxy-5-glutathion-S-yl-VPA-γ-lactone, 5-glutathion-S-yl-(E)-Δ3-VPA and 3-oxo-5-glutathion-S-yl-VPA. A fourth conjugate was identified tentatively as 4-glutathion-S-yl-5-hydroxy-VPA. Quantitative analysis of the corresponding N-acetylcysteine (NAC) conjugates in urine indicated that metabolism of Δ4-VPA via the GSH-dependent pathways accounted for approximately 20% of an acute dose (100 mg kg−1 i.p.). In contrast, when rats were given an equivalent dose of (E)-Δ2-VPA, only one GSH adduct (5-glutathion-S-yl-(E)-Δ3-VPA) was detected at low concentrations in bile. In vitro experiments with rat liver mitochondria demonstrated that Δ4-VPA undergoes coenzyme A- and ATP-dependent metabolic activation in this organelle via the β-oxidation pathway to intermediates which bind covalently to proteins. When liver homogenates and hepatic mitochondria from rats injected with Δ4-VPA, (E)-Δ2-VPA or VPA were analyzed for GSH content, it was found that only Δ4-VPA depleted GSH pools significantly. Treatment of rats with Δ4-VPA and (to a lesser extent) VPA led to an accumulation of liver triglycerides, whereas (E)-Δ2-VPA had no measurable effect. It is concluded that Δ4-VPA undergoes metabolic activation by both microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent and mitochondrial coenzyme A-dependent processes, and that the resulting electrophilic intermediates, which are trapped in part by GSH, may mediate the hepatotoxic effects of this compound. In contrast, (E)-Δ2-VPA is not transformed to any appreciable extent to reactive metabolites, which thus accounts for the apparent lack of hepatotoxicity of this positional isomer in the rat. 相似文献
36.
Physiological Elevations of Glucocorticoids Potentiate Glutamate Accumulation in the Hippocampus 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Becky A. Stein-Behrens Walter J. Lin Robert M. Sapolsky 《Journal of neurochemistry》1994,63(2):596-602
Abstract: Glucocorticoids (GCs) are secreted during stress and can damage the hippocampus over the course of aging and impair the capacity of hippocampal neurons to survive excitotoxic insults. Using microdialysis, we have previously observed that GCs augment the extracellular accumulation of glutamate and aspartate in the hippocampus following kainic acid-induced seizures. In that study, adrenalectomized rats maintained on minimal GC concentrations were compared with those exposed to GCs elevated to near-pharmacological levels. We wished to gain insight into the physiological relevance of these observations. Thus, we have examined the effects of GCs over the normal physiological range on glutamate and aspartate profiles; this was done by implanting adrenalectomized rats with GC-secreting pellets, which produce stable and controllable circulating GC concentrations. We observe that incremental increases in GC concentrations cause incremental increases in glutamate accumulation before the kainic acid insult, as well as in the magnitude of the glutamate response to kainic acid. Elevating GC concentrations from the circadian trough to peak doubled cumulative glutamate accumulation, whereas a rise into the stress range caused a fourfold increase in accumulation. Similar, although smaller, effects also occurred with aspartate accumulation (as well as with taurine but not glutamine accumulation). These data show that the highly elevated GC concentrations that accompany neurological insults such as seizure or hypoxia-ischemia will greatly exacerbate the glutamate accumulation at that time. Furthermore, stress levels of GCs augmented glutamate accumulation even in the absence of an excitotoxic insult, perhaps explaining how sustained stress itself damages the hippocampus. Finally, even the moderately ?levated basal GC concentrations that typically occur in aged rats augmented glutamate accumulation, perhaps explaining how GCs damage the hippocampus over the course of normal aging. 相似文献
37.
38.
Alain Delbarre Philippe Muller Viviane Imhoff Jean-Louis Morgat Hélène Barbier-Brygoo 《Planta》1994,195(2):159-167
Uptake and metabolism of exogenous naphthalene-1-acetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) have been studied in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi) mesophyll protoplasts. Both auxins entered protoplasts by diffusion under the action of the transmembrane pH gradient without any detectable participation of an influx carrier. Molecules were accumulated by an anion-trapping mechanism and most of them were metabolized within hours, essentially as glucose-ester and amino-acid conjugates. Protoplasts were equipped with a functional auxin-efflux carrier as evidenced by the inhibitory effect of naphthylphtalamic acid on IAA efflux. Basically, similar mechanisms of NAA and IAA uptake occurred in protoplasts. However, the two auxins differed in their levels of accumulation, due to different membrane-transport characteristics, and the nature of the metabolites produced. This shows the need to estimate the accumulation and the metabolism of auxins when analyzing their effects in a given cell system. The internal auxin concentration could be modulated by changing the transmembrane pH gradient, giving an interesting perspective for discriminating between the effects of intra- and extracellular auxin on physiological processes.Abbreviations BA
benzoic acid
- Ci/Ce
accumulation ratio of auxin
- IAAasp
N-[3-indolylacetyl]-dl-aspartic acid
- NAA
naphthalene-1-acetic acid
- NAAasp
N-[1-naphthylacetyl]-l-aspartic acid
- NPA
N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid
The authors thank Dr. M. Caboche (I.N.R.A, Versailles, France) for his generous gifts of some amide derivatives of 1-NAA, Mr. P. Varennes and Dr. B. Das (I.C.S.N., C.N.R.S., Gif-sur-Yvette, France) for recording and interpreting the mass spectra of NAA glucose ester, and Prof. P. Manigault (Institut des Sciences Végétales, Gif-sur-Yvette) for microscopy measurements of protoplast dimensions. This work was supported by funds from the C.N.R.S, I.N.R.A, and E.E.C. 相似文献
39.
Relationship between osmoprotection and the structure and intracellular accumulation of betaines by Escherichia coli 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Barbara A. Peddie Michael Lever Colin M. Hayman Kelly Randall Stephen T. Chambers 《FEMS microbiology letters》1994,120(1-2):125-131
Abstract Naturally occuring betaines, especially glycine betaine and proline betaine, were accumulated by Escherichia coli from urine. In synthetic hyperosmotic medium, with an homologous series of added betaines, (CH3 )3 N+ -(CH2 ) n -COO− , osmoprotective activity and intracellular accumulation decreased monotonically as n increased from 1 to 5. In contrast, α -substituted glycine betaines were accumulated in a similar manner to glycine betaine, but with different osmoprotective activities. Arsenobetaine, with a quaternary arsonium group, was also accumulated but amino acids which can become negatively charged in a chemically basic environment were not. 相似文献
40.
Iwasaki Yasunaga Mae Tadahiko Fukazawa Chikafusa Makino Amane Ohira Koji Ojima Kunihiko 《Plant and Soil》1993,(1):211-214
Glutelin accumulation in the apical spikelet of the top primary branch (superior spikelet) and the second spikelet of the lowest secondary branch (inferior spikelet) of the ear of the rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) was characterized during grain filling.In the superior spikelet, the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen started immediately after flowering and rapidly reached the maturation level by 20 days after heading (DAH). At 7 DAH, total RNA content had already reached its maximum level and glutelin mRNA content 70% of its maximum. The increase in glutelin mRNA was followed by a rapid increase in glutelin between 7 and 16 DAH.In the inferior spikelet dry matter, nitrogen and glutelin accumulation were low immediately after flowering and increased only after grain filling of the superior spikelet was almost complete. Total RNA and glutelin mRNA increased much later at slower rates than in the superior spikelet.It is very likely that the retardation of dry matter, total nitrogen and glutelin accumulation in the inferior spikelet is due to retardation of differentiation and development of endosperm tissue, and to glutelin gene expression in endosperm cells. It is suggested that the delayed development resulted from limited partitioning of nutrients to the inferior spikelet at the early stage of ripening. 相似文献