中国短节蜂属一新纪录种(膜翅目,短节蜂科)

报道我国短节蜂属Sclerogibba 1新纪录种,罗斯短节蜂Sclerogibba rossi Olmi,2005,对其进行了详细描述并附相关特征图.编制了我国短节蜂科已知种类的分种检索表.     

Stable isotope analysis for assessing the intercrop movement of Microplitis mediator,a larval endoparasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera

Methods to trace source habitats and movement of parasitic natural enemies in agroecosystems are limited. This study demonstrates that stable carbon isotope analysis offers a valuable new method for revealing the movement of Microplitis mediator (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval endoparasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), between C₃ and C₄ plants. Results indicate that M. mediator with δ¹³C values of lower than −22‰ originate from a C₃ plant, whereas those with δ¹³C values of higher than −19‰ develop on a C₄ plant.     

Propylene glycol: a promising preservative for insects,comparable to ethanol,from trapping to DNA analysis

Recent advances in DNA analysis allow us to identify an unprecedented number of insect samples collected by mass sampling techniques such as insect traps. In these circumstances, a preservative that can be applied from trap to storage is necessary to prevent degradation of DNA before analysis and save on the cost of labor for collecting insects from traps. Propylene glycol has a prominent feature as a trap solution. We aimed to examine the DNA preservability of 98% propylene glycol at 2 weeks and more than 6 months after initial collection in comparison with 99.5% ethanol, which is commonly used for storage of specimens for genetic analysis. We compared amplification performance of PCR targeting a specific region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in the orders Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera using two extraction methods varying in extraction efficiency. Even after 6 months, more than 75% of samples were recognized to have succeeded in PCR amplification irrespective of preservatives by the extraction method with higher extraction efficiency. It suggested that mitochondrial DNA was preserved in both solutions. However, dim bands in the electrophoreses of PCR products increased with time in extracts by another method with lower extraction efficiency. In Diptera and Coleoptera, the rate of dim bands increased more rapidly for ethanol-preserved than for propylene glycol-preserved specimens, indicating higher DNA preservability of propylene glycol over time for these taxa. On the other hand, in Hymenoptera, the preservatives did not affect PCR amplification performance. Considering its safer characteristics and high DNA preservability in a wide range of taxa, propylene glycol can be a promising solution from trapping of insects to storage for genetic analysis.     

Honeydew composition and its effect on life-history parameters of hyperparasitoids

1. Diets that maximise life span often differ from diets that maximise reproduction. Animals have therefore evolved advanced foraging strategies to acquire optimal nutrition and maximise their fitness. The free-living adult females of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) need to balance their search for hosts to reproduce and for carbohydrate resources to feed. 2. Honeydew, excreted by phloem-feeding insects, presents a widely available carbohydrate source in nature that can benefit natural enemies of honeydew-producing insects. However, the effects of variation in honeydew on organisms in the fourth trophic level, such as hyperparasitoids, are not yet understood. 3. This study examined how five different honeydew types influence longevity and fecundity of four hyperparasitoid taxa. Asaphes spp. (Pteromalidae) and Dendrocerus spp. (Megaspilidae) are secondary parasitoids of aphid parasitoids and are thus associated with honeydew-producing insects. Gelis agilis and Acrolyta nens (both Ichneumonidae) are secondary parasitoids of species that do not use honeydew-producing hosts. 4. Most honeydew types had a positive or neutral effect on life span and fecundity of hyperparasitoids compared with controls without honeydew, although negative effects were also found for both aphid hyperparasitoids. Honeydew produced by aphids feeding on sweet pepper plants was most beneficial for all hyperparasitoid taxa, which can partially be explained by the high amount of honeydew, but also by the composition of dietary sugars in these honeydew types. 5. The findings of this study underline the value of aphid honeydew as a carbohydrate resource for fourth-trophic-level organisms, not only those associated with honeydew-producing insects but also ‘interlopers’ without such a natural association.     

Where and why? Bees,snail shells and climate: Distribution of Rhodanthidium (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in the Iberian Peninsula

Species distribution patterns are widely studied through species distribution models (SDMs), focusing mostly on climatic variables. Joint species distribution models (JSDMs) allow inferring if other factors (biotic interactions, shared phylogenetic history or other unmeasured variables) can also have an influence on species distribution. We identified current distributional areas and optimal suitability areas of three species of the solitary snail‐shell bee Rhodanthidium (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), and their host gastropod species in the Iberian Peninsula. We undertook SDMs using Maxent software, based on presence points and climatic variables. We also undertook JSDMs for the bees and the snails to infer if co‐occurrence could be a result of biotic interactions. We found that the three bee species: (1) use at least five different species of Mediterranean snails; (2) use empty shells not only for nesting but also for sheltering when there is adverse weather and during the night; (3) have their most suitable areas in the eastern and southern Iberian Peninsula, mostly on limestone areas; and (4) have their optimal range under Mediterranean climatic values for the studied variables. There is positive co‐occurrence of Rhodanthidium with the gastropod species, especially with the snail Sphincterochila candidissima. The contribution of the environmental component to the co‐occurrence is less than that of the residual component in those cases, suggesting that: (i) the use of biotic resources (between Rhodanthidium and the gastropod species); (ii) shared phylogenetic history (between R. septemdentatum and R. sticticum); or (iii) unmeasured variables are largely responsible for co‐occurrence.     

Les Abeilles de Martinique (Antilles françaises) et leurs relations avec la flore butinée (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae,Apidae)

Checklist of bees from Martinique (French West Indies) and their relations with visited flowers (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae, Apidae). An annotated checklist of the bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) of Martinique, Lesser Antilles is presented. The bee fauna is constituted by 14 species: one endemic; five known only from the Insular Caribbean; four that occur both on mainland and the West Indies and three adventive species to the West Indies. Seven species are new island records: Megachile (Eutricharaea) concinna Smith 1879, Megachile (Pseudocentron) vitraci Pérez 1884, Centris (Hemisiella) barbadensis Cockerell 1939, Centris (Centris) decolorata Lepeletier 1841, Centris (Centris) versicolor (Fabricius 1775), Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) analis Spinola 1853 and Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) similis (Cresson 1865). The list is arranged with data from literature and field researches carried out by the junior author between 2006 and 2014. A list of the visited flowers along with ecological notes for each species is also given.     

Fenoxycarb, a fairly new Insect Growth Regulato: review of its effects on insects

To reduce the impact of pesticides, new more selective chemicals need to be developed. Insect Growth Regulators such as Juvenile Hormone Analogues seem promising because of their specific mode of action on insects and their lower toxicity against Vertebrates than conventional insecticides. Nevertheless they remain toxic compounds. Fenoxycarb, a non neurotoxic carbamate shows a high JH activity, but also has other non JH specific effects. Effects of fenoxycarb on different pest and non-target insects were reviewed from nearly 200 scientific papers dealing with this chemical used as insecticide.     

Comparative aspects of the biology of five Auplopus species (Hymenoptera; Pompilidae; Pepsinae) from Brazil

This study was carried out at the Parque Municipal das Araucárias, in the municipality of Guarapuava, state of Paraná, southern Brazil, from December 2001 to December 2004. Sixty nests belonging to five Auplopus species were collected using trap-nests. The nest cells of all species were built with mud and shaped like a barrel or cylinder, mostly in linear arrangement. Differences between species lie in the colour of the mud and the way in which they organize the mud pellets during the construction of the cells. Few vestibular and intercalary cells were built. The number of cells varied according to the species, never surpassing six cells per nest. We observed a great variation between the five species related to sex ratio and the number of generations per year. Some species presented a delayed life cycle with juveniles entering diapause, others presented an additional short life cycle with no diapause.     

Importance of host oviposition pattern and plant size for the selection of Trichogramma strains to control the diamondback moth

The aim of this work was to select a candidate strain of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) to control the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), an important pest of cabbage in Europe. The parasitic efficiency of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii from Japan and Réunion Island, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood from Egypt, Trichogramma ostriniae Pang & Chen from Japan, and Trichogramma semblidis (Aurivillius) from France was studied with sentinel eggs in greenhouse‐grown cauliflower. The percentage of parasitized eggs was measured 1 m from the release point and 3 days after release. Two factors were studied: host‐egg density (three eggs per stem vs. 50 eggs per stem) and plant size (50–100 cm high plants vs. 100–150 cm high plants). Trichogramma evanescens from Egypt achieved the best parasitism. Parasitism efficiency of T. ostriniae from Japan and T. chilonis from Réunion Island was not influenced by egg density. In contrast, parasitism efficiencies of the three other strains were higher at the lower egg density than at the higher egg density. Parasitism efficiency was lower when the plants were bigger, with the exception of T. chilonis from Réunion Island, for which the level of parasitism was not affected by plant size. Thus, T. chilonis from Réunion Island appeared to be the most suitable Trichogramma strain for use in controlling P. xylostella, regardless of the growth stage of the crop. However, T. ostriniae from Japan may also be more suitable for use on cauliflower crops at the early stage of crop development. If potential problems related to the introduction of exotic species are taken into consideration, it is possible to consider the native T. evanescens.