黑长臂猿(Hylobates concolor)鸣叫行为研究

本文基于对云南黑长臂猿多年的野外研究,报道其鸣叫行为的一些特性。黑长臂猿通常在上午鸣叫,且大多数发生在930分以前,鸣叫的起始时间具季节性变化,有两个较为集中的时间,一个在730分左右,另一个在830分左右,然而起始时间并不与日出时间一致。黑长臂猿平均每两天鸣叫一次,日鸣叫发生频次在50％左右,鸣叫的发生也随着季节而变化。鸣叫的持续时间无群体的差异,一次鸣叫的平均时间在12分钟左右（除了GG群）,但群体在不同季节鸣叫时间长短不一。本文的研究结果同时还表明一个群体的鸣叫并未引起邻近其它群体的鸣叫。     

大麦多节分枝多穗矮秆突变基因的染色体定位

采用全套染色体形态性状标记系, 对大麦多性状综合突变基因mbd进行了染色体定位。结果表明,mbd在大麦的1H染色体上,处于矮秆基因br和裸粒基因n之间,可能由1H的短臂携带。其中,与短臂上br之间的遗传距离为29 .7cM,与长臂上n的遗传距离是42cM。 Abstract:In this paper a mutation gene mbd of 93-597,a multimode,branched and dwarf syndrome artificially induced in barley was localized on the short arm of the chromosome 1,between the kriown dwarf gene br and the naked kernel gene n.The genetic distances of mbd to br and n were 29.7cM and 42.9cM respectively.     

叶猴(Presbytis)、金丝猴(Rhinopithecus)、长臂猿(Hylobates)自由取食时的利手现象

本文报道叶猴、金丝猴、长臂猿自由取食时的利手现象。本研究共用金丝猴12只(雄性8只,雌性4只),叶猴25只(雄性16只、雌性9只),长臂猿5只(雄性3只,雌性2只)。对每个动物而言,总观察次数不少于30次,其结果显示:在雄性金丝猴中,62.5％的动物显示右利,25％显示主利,12.5％无利手现象。在雄性叶猴中,62.5％的动物显示右利,18.7％显示左利,18.7％无利手现象。在3只雄性长臂猿中,2只显示右利,一只无利手现象。 统计结果表明:雄性金丝猴有明显的右利手现象(P<0.05),雄性叶猴右利手现象接近显著(P=0.06),长臂猿因观察数量太少,未进行统计。 在上述三种动物中,雌性个体无利手现象。 木工作结果提示:(1)雄性金丝猴,叶猴在自由取食时具有右利手现象,长臂猿也可能有右利手现象,(2)大脑两半球的不对称性与性别有关。     

How Reliable are Density Estimates for Diurnal Primates?

Primate population assessments provide the basis for comparative studies and are necessary prerequisites in determining conservation status. The most widely used assessment method is line transect sampling, which generates systematic data quickly and comparatively inexpensively. In contrast, the presumably most reliable method is long-term monitoring of known groups, which is both slow and costly. To assess the reliability of various analytical methods, we compared group and population densities for white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar carpenteri) and Phayre’s leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus) derived from transect walks with those from long-term group follows at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Our assistants and we regularly walked a 4-km transect over 30 mo (480 km total), resulting in 155 gibbon sightings and 125 leaf monkey sightings. We then estimated densities via 1) DISTANCE and 2) the Kelker method based on perpendicular distances (PD) or animal-to-observer distances (AOD). We compared the 3 estimates to values based on known home ranges (95% kernels), accounting for home range overlap, combined with group size data. Analyses of line transect data consistently overestimated group densities for both species, while underestimating group size for leaf monkeys. Quality of results varied according to the group size and spread of each species. However, we found, in accordance with previous studies, that values derived via AOD (or its derivations) matched most closely with population estimates based on home range data.     

Ecology of hoolock gibbon of Bangladesh

Of the nine known species of gibbon,Hylobates hoolock is found in the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of Bangladesh. It is monogamous, living in groups of 2–5, each group maintaining its territory, in a home range of 30–35 ha. The day range varies from 600m to 1600m. Detailed study on this gibbon has not been conducted. Therefore, a study on the ecology and behaviour of this species was made between February 1990 and January 1991. The gibbon spends 39% of the daytime in feeding, 25% in moving, 26% in resting, 4% in calling, and 6% in other social activities. They are completely arboreal and are mainly frugivorous. The total number of this species is unlikely to exceed 200. They are in danger due to their habitat destruction.     

Duet-splitting and the evolution of gibbon songs

Unlike the great apes and most other primates, all species of gibbons are known to produce elaborate, species-specific and sex-specific patterns of vocalisation usually referred to as "songs". In most, but not all, species, mated pairs may characteristically combine their songs in a relatively rigid pattern to produce coordinated duet songs. Previous studies disagree on whether duetting or the absence of duetting represented the primitive condition in gibbons. The present study compares singing behaviour in all gibbon species. Various vocal characteristics were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis using previously published phylogenetic trees of the gibbon radiation as a framework. Variables included the degree of sex-specificity of the vocal repertoire, the occurrence of solo songs, and the preference for a specific time of day for song-production. The results suggest the following scenario for the evolution of gibbon songs: (1) The last common ancestor of recent gibbons produced duet songs. (2) Gibbon duets probably evolved from a song which was common to both sexes and which only later became separated into male-specific and female-specific parts (song-splitting theory). (3) A process tentatively called "duet-splitting" is suggested to have led secondarily from a duetting species to a non-duetting species, in that the contributions of the pair-partners split into temporally segregated solo songs. This appears to be the first time that a non-duetting animal can be shown to be derived from a duetting form. (4) The return to exclusive solo singing may be related to the isolated island distribution of the non-duetting species.     

Brief report: Occurrence of anti-resonance in the song of the siamang (Hylobates syndactylus)

The duetting behavior of siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) has previously been observed as representing a complex, interactively organized, and standardized set of vocal features. Anti-resonance in the bitonal screams of 15 males was observed. The sound energy of the fundamental frequency of the first note of these screams are absorbed, the result being a fundamental frequency which was virtually filtered out. The implications and consequences of such a rare phenomenon as anti-resonance in the vocal behavior in gibbons is discussed.     

Responsiveness of a male Mueller's gibbon to his own species-song,that of a lar gibbon,and a synthetic song of similar frequency

The study compared the responsiveness of a captive male Mueller's gibbon to audio recordings of dawn songs of wild-living male Mueller's gibbons and lar gibbons, and to a synthetic song constructed from screech owl vocalizations. Though wild-caught, the subject had not been exposed to songs of his own species for at least 10 years, and in fact, only rarely performed the dawn song himself. Initially, the subject responded vigorously to all three recordings, with no preference being shown for the recording of his own species. However, a very strong preference for Mueller's vocalizations did develop following a period of concentrated and exclusive exposure to Mueller's songs.