Failure of Hydrotaea aenescens, a larval predator of the housefly, Musca domestica, to establish in wet poultry manure on a commercial farm in Florida, USA

Hydrotaea aenescens (Weidemann) (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae and pupae were released in high-rise pullet houses in Pascoe County, Florida, U.S.A., for biological control of houseflies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), in three separate tests during a 14-month period (April 1994-May 1995) and did not become established. However, H. aenescens believed to be from our releases did become established at a caged-layer farm 0.3 km from the release farm. Moisture in pullet house manure generally exceeded 80%, which is above the level at which H. aenescens is reared in colony. Caged-layer manure was also very wet, but crusted areas provided sites for H. aenescens larval development. Results demonstrate that H. aenescens adults will disperse from release sites and populate preferred sites without becoming a nuisance.     

齿股蝇属一新种和一新纪录：（双翅目：蝇科）

本文记述产自甘肃省舟曲县齿股蝇属的一新种和采自新疆玛纳斯县齿股蝇属的一新纪录种。新种订名为多刺齿股蝇Hydrotaea spinosus,sp.nov.与毛足齿股蝇 H.Pilipes Stein,1903和拟毛足齿股蝇(H.mimopilipes Ma et Zhao)近缘。正模和副模2分别保存在军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所和辽宁省卫生防疫站。     

齿股绳属二新种（双翅目：蝇科）

本文记述了蝇科齿股蝇属Ｈｙｄｒｏｔａｅａ虎股齿股蝇Ｈｙｄｒｏｔａｅａｔｉｇｒｉｆｅｍｏｒａｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,豹股齿股蝇Ｈｙｄｒｏｔａｅａｐａｒｄｉｒｅｍｏｒａｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．二新种,均隶于小齿股蝇种团Ｈｙｄｒｏｔａｅａｐａｒｖａ－ｇｒｏｐ,分别描述并绘图。新种模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。     

Studies on the possible role of cattle nuisance flies, especially Hydrotaea irritans, in the transmission of summer mastitis in Denmark

The summer mastitis pathogens Actinomyces pyogenes, Peptococcus indolicus, Bacteroides melaninogenicus ss. levii, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Streptococcus dysgalactiae were isolated from the polyphagous symbovine dipterans Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) and Morellia sp. caught around dairy heifers on pasture, but not from the haematophagous species Haematobia irritans (L.), Haematobosca stimulans (Meigen), Culicoides sp. and Simulium sp. Secretions from clinical cases of summer mastitis proved to be sources of summer mastitis bacteria for more than 3 weeks despite antibiotic treatment and teat amputation. Taking into account the seasonal activity pattern of Hydrotaea irritans and its topographical distribution on grazing cattle, it appears evident that this fly may play a central role in the establishment and maintenance of the bacterial contamination with summer mastitis pathogens on the teats of healthy cattle. In the present study the survival of A.pyogenes and P.indolicus for 7 days in experimentally infected Hydrotaea irritans, as demonstrated by the recovery of these microorganisms from agar plates exposed to live infected flies, is described. However, experimental transmission of summer mastitis from sick to healthy heifers by Hydrotaea irritans proved unsuccessful.     

Summer mastitis experimentally induced by Hydrotaea irritans exposed to bacteria

Abstract. Summer mastitis is an acute suppurative bacterial infection of the udder in heifers and dry cows. To ascertain the possible role of flies in the transmission of the disease, experimental exposures of recipient heifers to Hydrotaea irritans previously exposed to bacteria were carried out. Flies were allowed to feed on secretions from clinical cases of summer mastitis. The pathogens present were the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Actinomyces pyogenes , Stuart-Schwan cocci, Peptococcus indolicus, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacterioides species. The teats of eight heifers were exposed to flies with verified pathogen content. Two teats of each animal were deliberately damaged before fly exposure. One teat was cut, another pricked with insect needles to mimic insect bites. Two of the heifers developed summer mastitis in the quarters where teats had been cut. The bacterial species isolated from these quarters corresponded to those that had previously been fed to the flies. For the first time, it is now demonstrated that H.irritans is capable of transmitting summer mastitis pathogens and so causing summer mastitis in recipient heifers. Lesions on the teat orifice may be a predisposing factor in the development of the disease.     

铜色长角沼蝇的习性和生活史的初步观察（双翅目：沼蝇科）

长角沼蝇属幼虫可捕食鸭血吸虫(毛毕吸虫属)的中间宿主椎实螺。鸭血吸虫的尾蚴也可导致人的稻田皮炎;另一方面．长角沼蝇属的卵又是稻螟赤眼蜂(稻田螟虫卵的天敌)天然的交替寄主：因此长角沼蝇对卫生和农业都是有益的．本初步观察了华东地区一种常见的长角沼蝇——铜色长角沼蝇的成蝇形态特征、活动场所．出现季节,螺类宿主、幼虫食性和生活史．成虫寿命在春季为2个月。夏季为40-50天,一卵块通常含20-30个卵;幼虫以活椎实螺饲养．幼虫是否能攻击活的椎实螺,视幼虫期和宿主螺大小有关;自卵产下发育到羽化为成虫,平均温度在26℃时约需20天,在32℃时约为13天。     

云南省齿股蝇属一新种（双翅目：蝇科）

本文记述了云南省齿股蝇属Ｈｙｄｒｏｔａｅａ一新种，刺颊齿股蝇。隶于速跃齿股蝇种团。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。     

Characterization and phylogenetic implication of complete mitochondrial genome of the Cataglyphis aenescens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Genomic comparisons in Formicinae

Ants are the most widely distributed social insects in terrestrial ecosystems with the largest number of species and quantities; their ecological function is very significant and they have certain medicinal value. Because mitochondria have their own DNA (mtDNA) and genetic system, so the complete mitochondrial genome has been used more and more in molecular phylogeny, population genetics, molecular diagnosis, and evolution of insects. In this study, the mitochondrial genome of Cataglyphis aenescens (Nylander, 1849) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) was sequenced and annotated. The results showed that the total length of the mitochondrial genome of C. aenescens (Nylander, 1849) was 17,197 bp; it contained 37 genes, including 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes (tRNAs), 2 rRNA genes (rRNAs) and a non-coding region. All PCGs of C. aenescens were initiated with ATN codons and terminated with the TAA codon. The overall nucleotide composition of C. aenescens was AT-biased (81.74%). Cataglyphis and Formica clustered together. C. aenescens is closely related to Formica sinae, Formica. fusca and Formica selysi. This work enhances the genetic data of Formicidae and contributes to our understanding of their phylogenic relationship, evolution, and utilization.     

The control of a fly nuisance problem in a woodland area adjacent to Rutland Water

The proposed development of a caravan park in Burley Wood was postponed in 1979 due to the presence of Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.). This species causes intense irritation to man by feeding upon skin secretions and is also of veterinary importance. The fly population was monitored for 10 weeks using a number of trapping methods. The efficiency of one of these, the malaise trap, was found to be greatly increased by the controlled release of carbon dioxide. Used together with habitat modification and locally applied insecticides and repellants this is considered potentially valuable in ameliorating the problem. It is likely that the development of Rutland Water will increase the local range of the fly.     

Variation in density of cattle-visiting muscid flies between Danish inland pastures

Abstract. The density of cattle-visiting flies (Muscidae) and the load of black-flies (Simulium spp.) were estimated in twelve and eighteen inland pastures in Denmark in 1984 and 1985 respectively. No differences in the geographical distribution pattern of the predominant cattle-visiting Muscidae were recorded, whilst the relative abundance and density of the species and the total fly-load varied considerably between pastures. In most cases the mean loads of Haema-tobia irritans (L.) and Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.) on heifers varied significantly in relation to site topography and shelter. These crude site variables explained 65–98% of the variation in densities of horn flies and sheep head flies observed between pastures. Highest densities of Hydrotaea irritans were primarily associated with permanent, low-lying, fairly sheltered grassland sites, whereas the density was low in temporary, dry, wind-exposed pastures. A comparable relationship was found for Haematobia irritans. With Haematobosca stimulans (Mg.) and Morellia spp. no relation between grassland environment and fly density was detected.