The actin cytoskeleton orchestra in Entamoeba histolytica

Years of evolution have kept actin conserved throughout various clades of life. It is an essential protein starring in many cellular processes. In a primitive eukaryote named Entamoeba histolytica, actin directs the process of phagocytosis. A finely tuned coordination between various actin-binding proteins (ABPs) choreographs this process and forms one of the virulence factors for this protist pathogen. The ever-expanding world of ABPs always has space to accommodate new and varied types of proteins to the earlier existing repertoire. In this article, we report the identification of 390 ABPs from Entamoeba histolytica. These proteins are part of diverse families that have been known to regulate actin dynamics. Most of the proteins are primarily uncharacterized in this organism; however, this study aims to annotate the ABPs based on their domain arrangements. A unique characteristic about some of the ABPs found is the combination of domains present in them unlike any other reported till date. Calponin domain-containing proteins formed the largest group among all types with 38 proteins, followed by 29 proteins with the infamous BAR domain in them, and 23 proteins belonging to actin-related proteins. The other protein families had a lesser number of members. Presence of exclusive domain arrangements in these proteins could guide us to yet unknown actin regulatory mechanisms prevalent in nature. This article is the first step to unraveling them.     

α/β Hydrolase fold enzymes: the family keeps growing

The α/β hydrolase fold is a typical example of a tertiary fold adopted by proteins that have no obvious sequence similarity, but nevertheless, in the course of evolution, diverged from a common ancestor. Recently solved structures demonstrate a considerably increased variability in fold architecture and substrate specificity, necessitating the redefinition of the minimal features that distinguish the family.     

公共空间疏散风险点定量综合评估方法研究

加强对公共空间中人群疏散风险点的空间干预和风险预防，是管控事故易发点、减少公共空间安全事故发生的重要过程。但是，如果人群疏散风险点的选取出现漏洞或偏差，就会对公共空间监控管理造成错误引导，甚至使得干预措施失效。因而，对精准筛选公共空间中风险点的评估方法研究，评估公共空间人群疏散过程中蕴藏的拥挤踩踏风险，就尤为重要。研究基于宏观视角，采用定量综合评估法，通过对网状道路结构类型的公共空间人群游览路径的调查，以及对空间组织关系特征分析，分别对人群聚集度和空间疏散度进行定量评估后，综合叠加2个因子评估结果，对人群疏散风险度进行评估及风险关键点的筛选。并以重庆动物园为例，运用该种定量综合评价法评估人群疏散风险关键点，其结论综合考虑了人群聚集程度及空间疏散能力，对精准反映公共空间的风险点有积极的实证意义。     

Grassland invertebrate assemblages in managed landscapes: Effect of host plant and microhabitat architecture

Abstract Grasslands are often considered as two‐dimensional habitats rather than complex, multilayered habitats. However, native grasslands are complex habitats, with multiple layers of annual and perennial grasses, sedges, shrubs and mosses. Vegetation complexity, including plant type, quality and three‐dimensional structure is important for providing a variety of food and habitat resources for insects. Grazing by domestic livestock can affect these processes through the loss or fragmentation of habitats, as well as altering the vertical and horizontal vegetation structure. This study aimed to investigate the role of host plants and microhabitat architecture for determining foliage invertebrate assemblages. Different plant species supported distinct invertebrate assemblages and less complex host plants supported fewer invertebrate individuals and species. Manipulations of plant architecture changed the species composition of invertebrates, with most species found in more complex vegetation. This study illustrates the importance of host diversity and pasture complexity for invertebrate communities. Management practices that encourage a heterogeneous environment with diverse and structurally complex pastures should also sustain a more diverse and functional invertebrate assemblage.     

Probe design rules and effective enzymes for endonuclease-based detection of nucleic acids

Junction probe (JP) platform is an isothermal endonuclease-based detection assay for both RNA and DNA. Herein, we screen 31 REAse and identify effective restriction endonucleases that can be used for JP detection. Secondly, we investigate how different probe architectures affect JP cleavage rates and conclude that although molecular beacon (MB) JP probes give less background noise than linear JP probes, the cleavage of MB JP probes are slower than linear JP probes.     

Genetic architecture influences when and how hybridization contributes to colonization

The role of genetic architecture in adaptation to novel environments has received considerable attention when the source of adaptive variation is de novo mutation. Relatively less is known when the source of adaptive variation is inter- or intraspecific hybridization. We model hybridization between divergent source populations and subsequent colonization of an unoccupied novel environment using individual-based simulations to understand the influence of genetic architecture on the timing of colonization and the mode of adaptation. We find that two distinct categories of genetic architecture facilitate rapid colonization but that they do so in qualitatively different ways. For few and/or tightly linked loci, the mode of adaptation is via the recovery of adaptive parental genotypes. With many unlinked loci, the mode of adaptation is via the generation of novel hybrid genotypes. The first category results in the shortest colonization lag phases across the widest range of parameter space, but further adaptation is mutation limited. The second category takes longer and is more sensitive to genetic variance and dispersal rate, but can facilitate adaptation to environmental conditions that exceed the tolerance of parental populations. These findings have implications for understanding the origins of biological invasions and the success of hybrid populations.     

How hydrological and hydraulic conditions affect performance of ponds

During the 1990s there has been a growing interest in (re)constructed wetlands and ponds for treatment of agricultural runoff, sewage water, and stormwater. Some of these facilities, however, are poorly designed in terms of hydrological and hydraulic performance, which strongly affects their treatment capacity. This paper gives an overview of the present knowledge regarding pond hydraulics in terms of effective volume ratio and dispersion. The importance of these parameters is demonstrated by modelling of nitrogen removal in 13 ponds of different design. The results show that effective volume ratio has a clear influence, which increases when removal rate coefficients increase, while dispersion is of minor importance for removal efficiency. Finally, the concept of hydraulic efficiency is discussed in the light of these results.     

Polycomb Group Proteins Regulate Chromatin Architecture in Mouse Oocytes and Early Embryos

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