全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1678篇 |
免费 | 223篇 |
国内免费 | 104篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 27篇 |
2022年 | 28篇 |
2021年 | 62篇 |
2020年 | 61篇 |
2019年 | 177篇 |
2018年 | 175篇 |
2017年 | 44篇 |
2016年 | 46篇 |
2015年 | 69篇 |
2014年 | 80篇 |
2013年 | 71篇 |
2012年 | 51篇 |
2011年 | 80篇 |
2010年 | 44篇 |
2009年 | 77篇 |
2008年 | 75篇 |
2007年 | 85篇 |
2006年 | 93篇 |
2005年 | 74篇 |
2004年 | 74篇 |
2003年 | 67篇 |
2002年 | 49篇 |
2001年 | 43篇 |
2000年 | 46篇 |
1999年 | 40篇 |
1998年 | 47篇 |
1997年 | 39篇 |
1996年 | 22篇 |
1995年 | 22篇 |
1994年 | 14篇 |
1993年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 15篇 |
1991年 | 19篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 14篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2005条查询结果,搜索用时 296 毫秒
11.
Michael N. Liebman 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1988,3(3):127-137
Summary We have been developing computational approaches to increase our ability to analyze the growing body of three-dimensional structural data with applications centered on the serine proteases and their natural inhibitors and substrates. It is essential that these approaches emphasize the comparison of these macromolecules at the separate levels of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. We assume in our analysis that in functionally related macromolecules (i.e., a family of evolutionarily related enzymes), regions of structural and/or physicochemical similarity will exhibit functional similarity; regions that are different in structure and/or physicochemical properties will function differently and, therefore, be the source of observed specificity. It is the intent of our research to encapsulate such knowledge in a form which is capable of observing patterns which may serve as generalizable rules for macrostructural analysis (Liebman, M.N. 1986. Enzyme 36: 150–163), and to serve as the essential tools for the rational design of modified serine proteases and/or their natural inhibitors by the methods available through genetic engineering. 相似文献
12.
A revised infrageneric classification of Nothofagus (Fagaceae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ROBERT S. HILL F.L.S JENNIFER READ 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1991,105(1):37-72
HILL, R. S. & READ, J., 1991. A revised infrageneric classification of Nothofagus (Fagaceae). An examination of cupule morphology, leaf architecture and cuticular morphology of Nothofagus species demonstrates that the existing infrageneric classifications are inaccurate. Four subgenera are proposed, based on these characteristics as well as other morphological information. This analysis indicates that the traditional pollen groupings of Nothofagus closely reflect the infrageneric taxonomy. It is hypothesized that deciduousness is primitive in Nothofagus , and the evergreen habit has arisen more than once, and therefore the deciduous or evergreen habit is invalid as a primary taxonomic character. 相似文献
13.
14.
Hydraulic resistances to water flow have been determined in the cortex of hypocotyls of growing seedlings of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Wayne). Data at the cell level (hydraulic conductivity, Lp; half-time of water exchange, T
1/2; elastic modulus, ; diffusivity for the cell-to-cell pathway, D
c) were obtained by the pressure probe, diffusivities for the tissue (D
t) by sorption experiments and the hydraulic conductivity of the entire cortex (Lpr) by a new pressure-perfusion technique. For cortical cells in the elongating and mature regions of the hypocotyls T
1/2=0.4–15.1 s, Lp=0.2·10-5–10.0·10-5 cm s-1 bar-1 and D
c=0.1·10-6–5.5·10-6 cm2 s-1. Sorption kinetics yielded a tissue diffusivity D
t=0.2·10-6–0.8·10-6 cm2 s-1. The sorption kinetics include both cell-wall and cell-to-cell pathways for water transport. By comparing D
c and D
t, it was concluded that during swelling or shrinking of the tissue and during growth a substantial amount of water moves from cell to cell. The pressure-perfusion technique imposed hydrostatic gradients across the cortex either by manipulating the hydrostatic pressure in the xylem of hypocotyl segments or by forcing water from outside into the xylem. In segments with intact cuticle, the hydraulic conductance of the radial path (Lpr) was a function of the rate of water flow and also of flow direction. In segments without cuticle, Lpr was large (Lpr=2·10-5–20·10-5 cm s-1 bar-1) and exceeded the corticla cell Lp. The results of the pressure-perfusion experiments are not compatible with a cell-to-cell transport and can only the explained by a preferred apoplasmic water movement. A tentative explanation for the differences found in the different types of experiments is that during hydrostatic perfusion the apoplasmic path dominates because of the high hydraulic conductivity of the cell wall or a preferred water movement by film flow in the intercellular space system. For shrinking and swelling experiments and during growth, the films are small and the cell-to-cell path dominates. This could lead to larger gradients in water potential in the tissue than expected from Lpr. It is suggested that the reason for the preference of the cell-to-cell path during swelling and growth is that the solute contribution to the driving force in the apoplast is small, and tensions normally present in the wall prevent sufficiently thick water films from forming. The solute contribution is not very effective because the reflection coefficient of the cell-wall material should be very small for small solutes. The results demonstrate that in plant tissues the relative magnitude of cell-wall versus cell-to-cell transport could dependent on the physical nature of the driving forces (hydrostatic, osmotic) involved.Abbreviations and symbols
D
c
diffusivity of the cell-to-cell pathway
-
D
t
diffusivity of the tissue
-
radial flow rate per cm2 of segment surface
- Lp
hydraulic conductivity of plasma-membrane
- Lpr
radial hydraulic conductance of the cortex
-
T
1/2
half-time of water exchange between cell and surroundings
-
volumetric elastic modulus 相似文献
15.
By use of the pressure-clamp technique, the hydraulic conductivity of the brackish-water alga Lamprothamnium was found to be 5·10-6 cm s-1 bar-1. The dimensions of the internodes are so small that it is possible, for the first time, to measure a complete volume relaxation upon clamping the turgor pressure to a preset value by a feedback control of the pressure probe. As theoretically predicted, the values of the hydraulic conductivity obtained from the initial slope of the volume relaxation induced by the pressure clamp are in agreement (within experimental error) with those obtained from the half-time of the relaxation process. The cell volume also obtained from the analysis of the volume relaxation is the osmotically effective cell volume and is therefore slightly smaller than the value obtained by taking the dimensions of the cell including the cell wall.Abbreviations and symbols Lp
hydraulic conductivity
- P
turgor pressure
- Sv
initial slope of volume relaxion
- T1/2
half-time of volume relaxation
Dedicated to Professor Dr. H. Ziegler on the occasion of his 60th birthday 相似文献
16.
Electrical measurements of membrane potential and resistance using intracellular microelectrodes showed that the fluid-secreting parts of the Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius have superficial regions different in electrical properties from the main body of the cell. The membrane potential in these superficial regions was smaller by 30-40 mV, but showed a standard depolarization on changing the potassium concentration of the bathing medium. The response to changes in the external chloride concentration also differed in the two regions, a finding that was reinforced by different responses to the drug, furosemide. Electron microscopy of the basal regions of the cells revealed many long cellular projections that run parallel to the cell surface and interdigitate with similar projections from neighbouring cells. The degree of interdigitation was examined by marking individual cells with alcian blue or by horseradish peroxidase injection. A survey of the published micrographs of insect Malpighian tubules shows that most have similar projections on their basal surfaces and not the simple basal infoldings previously supposed. 相似文献
17.
Summary A major portion of the genomes of three millet species, namely, barn yard millet, fox tail millet and little millet has been shown to consist of interspersed repeat and single copy DNA sequences. The interspersed repetitive DNA sequences are both short (0.15–1.0 kilo base pairs, 62–64% and long (>1.5 kilo base pairs, 36–38%) in barn yard millet and little millet while in fox tail millet, only long interspersed repeats (>1.5 kilo base pairs) are present. The length of the interspersed single copy DNA sequences varies in the range of 1.6–2.6 kilo base pairs in all the three species. The repetitive duplexes isolated after renaturation of 1.5 kilo base pairs and 20 kilo base pairs long DNA fragments exhibit a high thermal stability with Tms either equal to or greater than the corresponding native DNAs. The S1 nuclease resistant repetitive DNA duplexes also are thermally stable and reveal the presence of only 1–2% sequence divergence.The present data on the modes of sequence arrangement in millets substantiates the proposed trend in plants, namely, plants with 1C nuclear DNA content of less than 5 picograms have diverse patterns of sequence organization while those with 1C nuclear DNA content greater than 5 picograms have predominantly a short period interspersion pattern.Abbreviations kbp
kilobase pairs
NCL Communication No. 3606. 相似文献
18.
本文研究了连香树科(Cercidiphyllaceae)叶的宏观结构,首次报道连香树齿腺体显微结构及晶体类型,并对叶柄维管束的变化作了进一步研究。通过与近缘科的比较,我们认为连香树科的系统演化处于孤立地位,和金缕梅科有较近的亲缘关系,与木兰科较为疏远。 相似文献
19.
Water and solute transport along developing maize roots 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Hydraulic and osmotic properties were measured along developing maize (Zea mays L.) roots at distances between 15 and 465 mm from the root tip to quantify the effects of changes in root structure on the radial and longitudinal movement of water and solutes (ions). Root development generated regions of different hydraulic and osmotic properties. Close to the root tip, passive solute permeability (root permeability coefficient, Psr) was high and selectivity (root reflection coefficient, sr) low, indicative of an imperfect semipermeable root structure. Within the apical 100–150 mm, Psr decreased by an order of magnitude and sr increased significantly. Root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr) depended on the nature of the force (hydrostatic and osmotic). Osmotic Lpr was smaller by an order of magnitude than hydrostatic Lpr and decreased with increasing distance from the root tip. Throughout the root, responses in turgor of cortical cells and late metaxylem to step changes in xylem pressure applied to the base of excised roots were measured at high spatial resolution. The resulting profiles of radial and longitudinal propagation of pressure showed that the endodermis had become the major hydraulic barrier in older parts of the root, i.e. at distances from the apex ä 150 mm. Other than at the endodermis, no significant radial hydraulic resistance could be detected. The results permit a detailed analysis of the root's composite structure which is important for its function in collecting and translocating water and nutrients.Abbreviations and Symbols CPP
cell pressure probe
- IT
root segments with intact tips;
- Lpr
root hydraulic conductivity
- Lprh
hydrostatic hydraulic conductivity of root
- Lpro
osmotic hydraulic conductivity of root
- Papp
hydrostatic pressure applied to cut end of root
- Pc
cell turgor
- Pc, cor
turgor of cortical cell
- Pc,xyl
turgor of late metaxylem vessel
- Pro
stationary root pressure
- Pr0,seal
stationary root pressure of sealed root segment
- Psr
solute permeability coefficient of root
- RPP
root pressure probe
- TR
root segments with tip removed
- sr
reflection coefficient of root
Dedicated to Professor Andreas Sievers on the occasion of his retirement 相似文献
20.
Abstract. The Argentine Chaco is a mosaic of grassland and open forest habitats maintained by natural disturbance activities such as fire. Since the introduction of domestic livestock and other human activities, the balance of this mosaic has been significantly altered, both in plant species and structural composition. This study focuses on the impact of such changes on the diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods within semi-arid Chaco forest. Quantitative measures of habitat structure and arthropod diversity were taken in forest areas previously subjected to grazing, logging and ploughing. Results indicated that arthropod diversity was smaller on sites with reduced structural complexity, with marked changes in arthropod family composition. The habitat components relating to plant architectural and vertical diversity were particularly influential on arthropod diversity. The guild size ratio of predatory to non-predatory arthropods also differed significantly between habitats suggesting a change in the resource base available to some groups. The latter suggests a shift in the functional organisation of the forest ecosystem which could have important repercussions for the diversity of other trophic levels. 相似文献