Parturition and alate morph determination in the aphid Megoura viciae

In reproducing apterae of Megoura viciae, parturition is often completely arrested during periods of isolation from the host plant. In contrast, surgical removal of the rostrum (including the stylets), amputation of the extremities of the legs, or decapitation, all stimulate parturition away from the plant. These operations also induce alata-producing aphids to revert immediately to the production of apterae, but have no detectable effect on aptera-producers. Carbon dioxide or ether anaesthesia and nitrogen narcosis have a similar action on this maternally controlled response. Although the rostrum and tibio-tarsus bear sensilla whose removal might well be involved in inducing parturition, the influence on morph change is probably indirect and is to a great extent associated with the delay in the resumption of parturition. The effect can be reproduced by isolating individual aphids away from the food plant. The morph change cannot, however, be attributed to starvation since it also occurs when the genital pore of an actively feeding aphid is temporarily occluded. The change in physiology appears to be associated with the retention of embryos at a time when there is no sensory input from crowding.

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Résumé Chez les Megoura viciae aptères, la parturition est souvent complètement arrêtée pendant les périodes de séparation de la plante hôte. Par opposition, l'amputation chirurgicale du rostre (y compris les stylets), de l'extrémité des pattes (tarse et une partie du tibia), ou la décapitation, stimulent toutes la parturition en l'absence de la plante. Les pucerons induits à produire des ailés (élevage antérieur en groupe) retournent, après ces opérations, immédiatement vers la production d'aptères. Le dioxyde de carbone ou l'anesthésie à l'éther et la narcose à l'azote ont une action semblable sur ce déterminisme maternel. Bien que l'élimination des sensilla portées par le rostre et par l'ensemble tarse-tibia puisse être déterminante dans l'induction de la parturition, l'action sur le changement de type semble être principalement associée au retard consécutif dans la reprise de la parturition. Les anesthésiants qui, eux aussi, retardent l'apparition ou la reprise de la parturition, ont probablement une action indirecte du même type.Les pucerons groupés, isolés de la plante hôte pendant plus de 24 h, ont aussi tendance à retourner immédiatement à la production d'aptères. Ce changement de type ne peut, cependant, être attribué au jeûne puisqu'il se produit aussi quand, chez un puceron s'alimentant activement, le pore génital est momentanément bouché. Le changement physiologique semble être associé à la rétention des embryons à un moment où il n'y a pas l'influence sensorielle du groupement.Aucun de ces traitements, à l'exception du groupement, n'induit des pucerons antérieurement isolés à devenir des producteurs d'ailés.

     

Colorimetric determination of microgram quantities of polylysine by trypan blue precipitation

A simple and sensitive method for the determination of polylysine in solution is described. Polylysine is quantitatively precipitated with trypan blue. The absorbance of unbound dye in the supernatant is inversely proportional to the concentration of this polyamino acid. The precipitation is identical for all sizes of polylysine of molecular weight 13,000 or higher, and is prevented by the addition of either polyanions or serum. The measurable range of polylysine hydrobromide is between 1 and 10 micrograms/ml, which is about 10-fold lower than that by the published methyl orange precipitation method.     

A comparison of two methods for the microscopic determination of age at death.

The precision and accuracy of the Kerley and Ahlqvist-Damsten microscopic methods of age determination are compared. Both methods were applied to the same sample of 40 femoral thin sections of documented age at death. The results indicate that (1) both methods can be used with equal precision, as suggested by comparable observer errors; and (2) the Kerley method produces overall more accurate age estimates. The low previously published standard error of the Ahlqvist-Damsten method (6.71 years) apparently results from the uneven age distribution and small size (20) of their sample.     

The relationship between the nuage and the chromatoid body during spermatogenesis in the Rat

Summary Cytoplasmic structures ultrastructurally similar to the nuage are present in the cytoplasm of all spermatogenic cells in adult rats. The nuage is a discrete organelle which should not be confused with the chromatoid body. In step 7–8 spermatids transient contact is established between the nuage and the chromatoid body. This indicates a very specific recognition of the nuage by the chromatoid body. It is suggested that the nuage and the chromatoid body are separate cell organelles the functions of which are somehow related to each other.     

A toxic amino acid, 2(S)3(R)-2-amino-3-hydroxypent-4-ynoic acid from the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii

An amino acid, lethal to New Hampshire chickens (LD₅₀, 150 mg/kg) was isolated from dried sclerotia of the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.). Purification of the rather unstable compound was effected on a cation exchange column by means of displacement chromatography and the amino acid was crystallised from 80% methanol. A structure was assigned to the compound on the basis of available chemical and physical data, namely 2(S),3(R)-2- amino-3-hydroxypent-4-ynoic acid. Confirmation of this structure was gained by direct and indirect synthetic procedures.     

Teucrins H1-H4, novel clerodane-type diterpenes from Teucrium hyrcanicum

The structure and stereochemistry of teucrins H1, H2, H3 and H4, four novel diterpenes from Teucrium hyrcanicum have been established by detailed studies of the PMR and ¹³C NMR spectra, CD results and chemical transformations. Teucrin H4, a minor constituent is shown to possess a unique stereochemistry hitherto not reported for related diterpenoids.     

Novel p-coumaric acid esters from Pinus densiflora pollen

Solvent-extractable lipids in Pinus densiflora pollen were investigated. The cis- and trans-isomers of 1,16-dioxo-, 1-hydroxy-16-oxo- and 1, 16-dihydroxyhexadecan-7-yl p-coumarates were identified.     

Trichoclin,a new furocoumarin from trichocline incana

The structure for trichoclin, (E)-8-(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-2-butenyloxy)-psoralen, a new furocoumarin isolated from Trichocline incana, has been established. Phellopterin and isopimpinellin were also obtained. The new side chain of trichoclin was confirmed by synthesis.     

Evolution of the nucleotide sequence of influenza virus RNA segment 7 during drift of the H3N2 subtype

The complete genetic information contained in the influenza virus RNA segment 7 of the A/Bangkok/ $\text{1}\text{79}$ (H3N2) strain has been cloned by in vitro synthesis of the complementary dsDNA and its insertion into plasmid pBR322. The nucleotide sequence of the viral RNA segment has been determined from the cDNA insert. It is 1027 nucleotides long, and contains two open reading frames, as shown for other influenza virus strains. When compared with the previously published sequence for the A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) strain, 15 nucleotide exchanges are observed, most of them silent mutations, and only two causing amino acid changes in each of the M1 and M2 protein sequences.     

土牛膝碱（abidenine）的分离及结构测定

从土牛膝(Achyraanthes bidentata Bl.)的根中分离到一种新的生物碱——土牛膝碱(ubidenine),通过波谱方法测定出土牛膝碱的化学结构为5,6—二氢化—2,3,10,11—四甲氧基—二苯并[a,g]—喹嗪盐(1)。